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WATER CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA PER DAY

WATER CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA PER DAY. Salahaddin university-Erbil College of engineering. introduction.

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WATER CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA PER DAY

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  1. WATER CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA PER DAY Salahaddin university-Erbil College of engineering

  2. introduction Global freshwater consumption has increased; this is more than twice the population growth. These statistics indicate that population alone cannot account for all the increase in water consumption. There are other interlinked variables that need to be analyzed and verified by research. Freshwater use by continents is partly based on several socio-economic development factors, including population and climatic characteristics. Global efforts to manage and utilize freshwater resources in a sustainable manner have been hampered chiefly by lack of accurate information on water use for human needs in quantitative terms.

  3. This research project investigated the per capita consumption of residents of Erbil city of Kurdistan region. The relationship between water consumption patterns and the socio-economic status of the respondents was investigated. The results showed that the socio-economic status of consumers had a significant impact on water consumption per capita. The per capita consumption in house type residences was found to be 300 Liters per capita per day. The per capita consumption in apartment type residences was found to be 205 Liters per capita per day. The study also examined the role played by the size of urban households in determining the per capita domestic water consumption. This attribute of population was found to exert an insignificant influence on per capita domestic water consumption. Finally, the role that seasonal climatic changes play in determining the water consumption of city residents was analyzed. The results demonstrate that seasonal climatic changes play a critical role in domestic water consumption. This led to the conclusion that global climate change could have a significant impact on water availability and on domestic water consumption patterns.

  4. What is the per capita water consumption of residents in Erbil households? This research seeks to provide an answer to this question. The research problem is to determine the current per capita domestic water consumption level.

  5. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES • 1) To compute the correlation between household size and per capita water consumption. • 2) To investigate the impact of socio-economic status on per capita domestic water consumption. • 3) To examine the impact of climatic variations on domestic water consumption per capita.

  6. Methodology • The methodology for determining per capita fresh water availability in a country relies on population estimates and an estimate of the country’s internal renewable water resources. The water resource available is then divided by the total population. The results are given in liters per capita per day. A similar methodological approach was followed in this research. However, this research was mainly concerned with providing precise figures on domestic water consumption per capita, and not estimates of available freshwater resources. The research was particularly focused on per capita water consumption of individuals in selected urban households. • At first we selected 34 houses and 16 departments at different locations at Erbil city, locations were houses at different places and apartments of empire city and park view, then we recorded the consumption of water by water meter which linked to the main pipe of each house each 15 days (twice a month), and we did that for six months.

  7. Then calculating each data that we have taken to reach the final result of water consumption per capita per day. • And we have recorded each needed information for the calculation like number of members in each house and the absolute area of the house, number of clothes and dish washers, and even the temperature of the day which the data is taken at to see the difference between the consumption at hot and cold weather. • Questionnaires were distributed randomly to the original residential households. the residents were interviewed based on the questionnaires. The respondents were more open and even allowed the researcher into some of their houses. The respondents were assured that their house numbers would not be revealed to third parties to protect their privacy. • Any households had water meters that we used for data collecting in order to know the difference between each reading. The initials in the meter readings at the depot were marked (meter cube) to indicate spoilt meters.

  8. Table 4.1 Results

  9. house area and consumption relation

  10. household size and consumption relation

  11. temperature and climate with consumption relation

  12. Impact of climate changes • From the results, it was apparent that households of relatively higher socio-economic status, are likely to experience insignificant changes in consumption due to variations in climatic conditions. On the other hand, it became apparent that climatic variations have a significant impact the domestic water consumption of households of lower socio-economic status. • we noticed that there is a clear difference in the values between those which taken at cold and hot weather, since the amount of used water is less at cold days, since the difference between the hottest and the coolest weather were data taken at is 33 LPCD as shown at figure 4.3, our research period was at winter and spring seasons so if we have taken data of all the seasons surly we will notice the huge difference between the consumption at winter and summer seasons.

  13. Impact of household size on water consumption • Whenever people share common resources, there is a tendency of the per capita consumption to be lowered. This is true for energy resources such as fossil fuels. It is documented that the use of public transport results in a lower per capita fuel consumption than the use of private cars. Based on this principle, many authors have advanced this hypothesis that “The family that stays together keeps the earth greener”. This is based on the assumption that larger households make more efficient use of resources. The objective of this research was to test whether this is also true for domestic water consumption.

  14. House sizes and house properties impacts • Houses with larger total living spaces require larger amounts of water to maintain the houses. Small-sized houses require less water for general house maintenance. A house with many rooms and a sizeable garden or lawn requires more water. In this research we noticed that the houses which have garden or these whom washing their cars at home have bigger value of consuming water, and even how many times each house uses clothe washing machines per day have a roll on the water consumption and even those who have water boosters at their house consuming more water than a house without water booster with same house properties.

  15. Different of water consumption between house and apartment • If we focus on the results which we got till now we notice that there is a huge different between the consumptions at houses and apartment samples (300 LPCD for houses and 205 LPCD for apartments) approximately, because as we know apartments usually don’t have any garden or garage and they have smaller net area most the times so these terms have a huge impact on the results between them and another important point we should notice here is that the cost of water is higher at these apartments so it indicates that cost of water directly has an effect on water consumption. But as we know in Erbil city house type residences are more common so we work on the house results as a main value

  16. How to minimize water consumption at houses • reduce indoor water use by choosing water efficient showers, toilets, taps and appliances. • Minimize outdoor water use by choosing plants that are appropriate for local growing conditions and by including low water use areas in the garden design through the use of indigenous plants or low water use species. • minimize paving of outdoor areas as this increases heat radiation and water runoff from the site. • wash cars and bikes on the lawn to water grass at the same time. • Sweep paths and drives instead of hosing them down. • Reuse water where possible to reduce the consumption of potable water for non-potable purposes. 

  17. References • 1- water supply and sewerage (fifths edition) E. W. STEEL & Terence J. McGhee. • 2- water and waste water engineering (professional edition) Mackenzie L. Davis. • 3- water consumption and sustainable water resources management –OECD PROCEEDIMGS. • 4- facts and trends – world business council for sustainable development. (first edition) • 5- UNEP/HABITAT (1999) Sustainable Cities Program • 6- UN-HABITAT. Water and Sanitation in the World’s Cities: Local Action for Global Goals (2003). United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN- HAB1TAT)/Earth scan Publications, London. • 7- Boreham, A.J and Semple, M. “Future development of work in the government statistical service on the distribution and redistribution of household income” in Atkinson, A.B (edition 1976) • 8- Durand, Roger and Alison, C.Richard. “Water Management in Urban Areas” in Loethen, Mark. L. (edition 1995) • Electronic sources: • 1- USGS (science for changing world) https://www.water.usgs.gov • 2- SDWF (safe drinking water foundation) https://www.safewater.org • 3- EPA ( United states environmental protection agency) http://www.epa.gov • 4- UNDP (united nations development program) http://www.undp.org

  18. Prepared by Ismail Gaylan Suleiman Lina WeedadFathil Karla Kawa Shawkat Supervisor Evan OghstenSlewa

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