The Peopling of the World

1. The Peopling of the World Chapter 1

2. How do we study life before the invention of writing?

3. Main Ideas • Interaction with the Environment – As humans spread out over the world, they adapted to each environment they encountered • Science and Technology – The earliest peoples came up with new ideas and inventions in order to survive • Economics – Early humans hunted and gathered wild plant foods for 3-4 million years. About 1,000 years ago they learned to tame animals and plant crops

4. Human Origins in Africa

5. Main Idea • Fossil evidence shows that the earliest humans originated in Africa in the Great Rift Valley and spread across the globe

8. Search for Human Origins

9. Archaeologists work like detectives to uncover the story of prehistoric peoples They learn about early people by excavating and studying the traces of early settlements Archaeology

10. Archaeology • Archaeologists analyze evidence such as bones and artifacts- human made objects such as jewelry and tools

11. What kinds of things can archaeologists learn from studying bones and artifacts?

12. Bones What people looked like How tall they were How they died Diseases they had Food they ate How long they lived Artifacts How people dressed How people worshipped Clothes they wore Archaeology

13. Anthropologists study culture Culture- people’s unique way of life They use artifacts to recreate a picture of early people’s cultural behaviors Elements of culture – Anthropology

14. Paleontologists study fossils Paleontology

15. In 1978, archaeologist Mary Leakey led an expedition in Tanzania, Africa where they found footprints of a hominid –creatures that walk upright Believed to be 3.6 million years old Early Footprints Found

17. 1974, anthropologist found the skeleton of a hominid in Ethiopia 3.5 million years old Lucy

18. Australopithecines • Walked upright • Easier to spot threats • Easier to carry children and food • Travel distances more easily • Had opposable thumbs • Able to pick up small objects and make tools

19. 2 parts Paleolithic Age 2.5 million to 8000 BC Stone tools Neolithic Age 8000 BC to 3000 BC Polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals Stone Age

20. Man of skill East Africa 2.5 million years ago Believed to have used tools for cutting meat and cracking open bones Homo habilis

21. Homo erectus • Upright man • 1.6 million years ago • More intelligent and adaptable • Developed technology- ways of applying knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet their needs • Skillful hunters • First hominids to migrate from Africa • First to use fire • May have developed spoken language

22. Dawn of Modern Humans • Homo sapiens – species name for modern humans, “wise men” • Much larger brains • First believed that Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons were traditionally classified as early groups of homo sapiens • Proven that Neanderthals were not related but may have competed with Cro-Magnons for land and food

23. Neanderthals • Slanted brows, well developed muscles, thick bones • Tried to explain and control their world • Developed religious beliefs and performed rituals • Used caves or temporary shelters to survive the harsh winters

26. Cro-Magnons • About 40,000 years ago • Skeletal remains are identical to humans • Strong and about 5 ½ feet tall • Planned hunts, stalked prey • Advanced skills in spoken language

28. New Findings • Ape-like fossils recently discovered in Chad and Kenya date back 6 to 7 million years • May be the earliest hominids • Researchers in 1996 discovered a Neanderthal bone flute – suggests they had musical expression

29. Humans Try to Control Nature

30. Main Idea • Development of agriculture caused an increase in population and the growth of a settled way of life

31. Early Advances in Technology and Art • For thousands of years people were nomads – people who moved from place to place foraging for food • Hunter-gatherers – groups whose foods supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods • Tools- Cro-Magnons used tools like spears and digging sticks to increase their food supply

32. Artistic Expression in the Paleolithic Age • Necklaces of seashells, lion teeth, bear claws • Beads from mammoth tusks • Small sculptures of animals • Cave paintings exist all over the world

35. About 10,000 years ago Neolithic Revolution – agricultural revolution Shift from food gathering to food producing Beginnings of Agriculture

37. What are the causes of the Neolithic Revolution?

38. Causes of Neolithic Revolution • Change in climate • Rising temperatures allowed for longer growing seasons • Rich supply of grain led to population increase • Farming provided a steady food source for new larger populations

39. Slash and burn – cut trees or grasses and burn them to clear a field Ashes provide fertilizer Farmers plant for a year or two then move on Early Farming Methods

41. Domestication – taming Horses, dogs, pigs, and goats Slow process from hunting animals to driving them into enclosures and taming them Domestication of Animals

42. Agriculture allowed people to settle in one place and develop villages Benefits-allowed for support of skilled workers such as weavers and potters Drawbacks- fire, disease, floods, drought, enemies Villages Grow and Prosper

44. Civilization

45. Main Idea • Prosperous farming villages, food surpluses, and new technology led to the rise of civilizations

46. Villages Grow into Cities • As people developed better technology to control their environment they reaped larger harvests • Settlements with plentiful food supplies could support larger populations

47. Economic Changes • Food surpluses freed some villagers to pursue jobs other than farming and develop new skills • Craftspeople created valuable new products such as pottery, metal objects, and woven cloth • People also began to trade goods with each other • Helped by the invention of the wheel and the sail

48. Social Changes • Social classes began to emerge as cities grew • People now had different jobs and varying levels of wealth and power • Religion became more organized • Common spiritual values became lasting traditions

49. What are the characteristics of a civilization?

50. How civilization develops • Civilization- complex culture with 5 characteristics • 1. advanced cities • 2. specialized workers • 3. complex institutions • 4. record keeping • 5. advanced technology