Plant Processes

1. Plant Processes 4.00: Analyze the process of growth in horticultural plants

2. Processes of plant growth • Photosynthesis • Respiration • Absorption • Transpiration • Translocation • Reproduction

3. Photosynthesis • The food and manufacturing process in green plants that combines carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light to make sugar and oxygen. • Formula: 6CO2+6H2O+672Kcal C6H12O6+6O2 Carbon Dioxide Light Energy Glucose Sugar Water Oxygen

4. Respiration • The process through which plant leaves, stems and roots consume oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. • Plants produce much more oxygen through photosynthesis than they use through respiration.

5. Absorption • The process by which plant roots take in water and air

6. Transpiration • The process by which plants lose water from leaves and stems through evaporation

7. Translocation • The process by which food and nutrients are moved within a plant from one plant part to another

8. Reproduction • The plant process that increases plant numbers • usually by seeds

9. Osmosis • 1. The process by which minerals enter the plant through cell walls. • 2. The process by which water enters the plant through cell walls

10. Stages of Plant Growth • Juvenile-when a plant first starts to grow from a seed • Reproductive-when a plant produces flowers, seeds and fruits • Dormant-when a plant rests or grows very little, if any

11. Cell Organelles • Chloroplast - cells that contain stacks of chlorophyll, where photosynthesis takes place. • Chlorophyll - green pigment responsible for food production in plants. • Only located in plant cells

12. Phases of the asexual cycle • Vegetative-growth and development of buds, roots, leaves and stems • cell elongation-stage when cells enlarge • differentiation-stage when cells specialize • Reproductive or flowering-plant develops flower buds that will develop into flowers, fruits and seeds

13. Effects of Light, Moisture, Temperature and Nutrients on Plants

14. Light • Photoperiodism-response of plants to different amounts of light regarding their flowering and reproduction cycles • Necessary because of photosynthesis • Not enough light causes long, slender, spindly stems • Too much light will cause plants to dry out faster • Phototropism is the tendency for plants to grow toward a light source.

15. Moisture • Needed in large amounts because plant tissues are 90% water and water carries nutrients • Not enough water causes wilting and stunted growth • Too much water causes small root systems and drowning which is a result of air spaces in soil being filled with water

16. Temperature • Needs vary depending on type of plants • Either too high or too low will have adverse effects VS

17. Nutrients • Essential for optimal plant conditions • Has little effect on seed germination

18. Combining growth factors • Ideal quantities and quality will give optimum plant growth • Each has an effect on the other factors • Unfavorable environmental conditions for plant growth causes diseases to be more severe in their damages to plants

19. Plant Propagation 4.02: Apply different methods of plant propagation as related to horticultural plant production

20. Propagation • The multiplication of a kind or species. • Reproduction of a species.

21. Sexual Propagation • Propagation from seeds. • Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma. • Fertilization occurs and seeds are produced.

22. Germination Rates • Percent of seeds that sprout • 75 out of 100=75% • Rate is affected by seed viability, temperature and moisture. • Rates vary depending on plant and quality of seed.

23. Seeds • Plant depth depends on the size of seeds • larger seeds are planted deeper • water small seeds from bottom by soaking Embryo Seed Coat Endosperm

24. Seedlings (small plants) • Transplant when first true leaves appear • Reduce humidity and water and make environment more like outside to “harden off” plants

25. Seeds to Seedlings

26. Advantages of Sexual Reproduction • Fast way to get many plants • Easy to do • Economical

27. Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction • Some plants, especially hybrids, do not reproduce true to parents • Some plants are difficult to propagate from seeds

28. Asexual Reproduction • Uses growing plant parts other than seeds • Types of asexual reproduction: • cuttings • layering • division or separation • budding • grafting • tissue culture

29. Rooting from Cuttings • Rooting media should be about 4 inches deep • Best time of day is early mornings because plants have more moisture • Types of cuttings: • stem • leaf • root

30. Stem Cuttings • Using a small piece of stem to reproduce plants • using hormones and dipping in fungicides help speed up rooting

31. Leaf cuttings • Using small pieces of leaves to reproduce new plants • from herbaceous plants • vein must be cut

32. Stem Cuttings-Step 1 Gather all materials needed

33. Stem Cuttings-Step 2 Cut 3 to 4 inch shoot from stem tip

34. Stem Cuttings-Step 3 Remove lower leaves from the shoot

35. Stem Cuttings-Step 4 Dip cut surface in rooting hormone

36. Stem Cuttings-Step 5 Thoroughly moisten rooting medium

37. Stem Cuttings-Step 6 Stick one or more cuttings in rooting media

38. Stem Cuttings-Step 7 Cover with plastic wrap or place on a mist bench in a warm area away from direct sunlight.

39. Stem Cuttings-Step 8 Once rooted, cuttings can be separated carefully and transplanted

40. Root Cuttings • Using small pieces of roots to reproduce plants • should be three inches apart in rooting area

41. Layering • Scarring a small area of stem to produce new plants • air layering • trench layering

42. Trench Layering

43. Division or Separation • Cutting or pulling apart plant structures for reproduction • bulbs • corms • rhizomes • tubers • runners • stolons • suckers

44. Bulbs Rhizome

45. Grafting • Joining separate plant parts together so that they form a union and grow together to make one plant. Wedge Graft Approach Graft

46. Grafting Terms • Scion-the piece of plant at the top of the graft • Rootstock-the piece of the plant at the root or bottom of the graft

47. Methods of Grafting • If the scion and rootstock are the same size • wedge • splice • whip and tongue • approach

48. Methods of Grafting • If the scion is smaller than the rootstock • cleft • side • notch • bark inlay

49. Budding • A form of grafting when a bud is used • patch budding • T-budding • Chip Budding Chip Budding

50. How to perform T-budding Step 2 Step 4 Step 1 Step 3