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Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning. Chapter 6, Section 1. Stimulus Something that produces a reaction, or a response. Conditioning Learning. Classical Conditioning. One stimulus calls forth the response that is usually called forth by another stimulus. Unconditioned stimulus (US)

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Classical Conditioning

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  1. Classical Conditioning Chapter 6, Section 1

  2. Stimulus • Something that produces a reaction, or a response • Conditioning • Learning

  3. Classical Conditioning • One stimulus calls forth the response that is usually called forth by another stimulus. • Unconditioned stimulus (US) • A stimulus that causes a response that is automatic , not learned that response is called.. • Unconditioned Response (UR) • Conditioned Response (CR) • A learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral, or meaningless • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • Learned stimulus

  4. Adapting to the Environment • Classical conditioning helps organisms adapt to their surrounding environment. • Animal learns a scent = danger Taste Aversion – learned avoidance of a particular food. Food makes you ill = avoidance/poisoness

  5. Taste Aversion learned avoidance of a particular food. Food makes you ill = avoidance/ could be poisoned

  6. Extinction • When a conditioned stimulus is disconnected from the unconditioned stimulus. The CS no longer causes a CR • Spontaneous recovery – When gone for a while the CS suddenly causes the CR

  7. Generalization Discrimination Responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other • Responding in the same way to stimuli that seems to be similar • Scared of raccoons and foxes

  8. Flooding Systematic desensitization To help overcome fears, people are taught relaxation techniques and exposed gradually to the stimulus they fear. Pictures of snakes Real snakes from a distance Real snakes closer • A person is exposed to the harmless stimulus until fear responses to the stimulus are extinguished

  9. Counterconditioning Bell-and-Pad method • A pleasant stimulus is paired with a fearful one • Treat at the doctor

  10. Operant Conditioning • People and animals learn to do some things and not others because of the results of what they do.

  11. B.F Skinner • “skinner box” – and animal cage in which treatments could be introduced and removed and the results observed • Reinforcement - the process in which a stimulus increases the chances that the behavior will occur again.

  12. Primary and Secondary Enforcers Positive and Negative Enforcers Positive enforcers Increase the behavior Negative enforcers Are unpleasant Increase the frequency of the behavior by being removed • Primary enforcers • Function due to biological make-up, do not need to be taught (food, water, warmth) • Secondary enforcers • Must be learned, acquire value through association with primary enforcers (money, attention, social approval can be exchanged for primary enforcers

  13. Rewards Punishments When applied decrease the frequency of unwanted behavior hey follow • Like positive reinforcement increase the behavior

  14. Schedule of ReinforcementsWhen and how often reinforcements occur • Continuous Reinforcement • Reinforcement of a behavior every time a behavior occurs • Partial Reinforcement • Behavior is not reinforced every time it occurs • Interval schedule • A period of time must elapse between reinforcements • Ratio Schedules • Fixed ratio • Reward is given after a fixed number of responses • Variable Ratio • Reinforcement can come at any time

  15. Application of Operant Conditioning • Shaping • Teaching complex behaviors by reinforcing small steps • Programmed Learning • Developed by B.F. Skinner • Based on shaping, tasks are broken down into smaller steps (each using shaping techniques) each step is then combined to complete more complicated whole. • Does not use punishments, instead it reinforces correct behaviors • Classroom Discipline

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