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MECHANICAL VENTILATION

MECHANICAL VENTILATION. Seyed Alireza Mahdavi. Ventilator settings. Ventilator settings. Ventilator mode Respiratory rate Tidal volume or pressure settings Inspiratory flow I:E ratio PEEP FiO2 Inspiratory trigger. CMV. A/CV. SIMV. Concepts and Modes of Mechanical Ventilation.

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MECHANICAL VENTILATION

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  1. MECHANICAL VENTILATION Seyed Alireza Mahdavi

  2. Ventilator settings

  3. Ventilator settings • Ventilator mode • Respiratory rate • Tidal volume or pressure settings • Inspiratory flow • I:E ratio • PEEP • FiO2 • Inspiratory trigger

  4. CMV

  5. A/CV

  6. SIMV

  7. Concepts and Modes of Mechanical Ventilation Spontaneous Breathing Mechanical Ventilation Pressure CMV Time SIMV Pressure Time Bivent Pressure Time APRV Pressure Time CPAP Pressure Time

  8. Positive End-expiratory Pressure (PEEP) What is PEEP? What is the goal of PEEP? Improve oxygenation Diminish the work of breathing Different potential effects

  9. PEEP • What are the secondary effects of PEEP? • Barotrauma • Diminish cardiac output • Regional hypoperfusion • NaCl retention • Augmentation of I.C.P.? • Paradoxal hypoxemia

  10. Monitoring of the patient

  11. Auto-PEEP or Intrinsic PEEP • What is Auto-PEEP? • Normally, at end expiration, the lung volume is equal to the FRC • When PEEPi occurs, the lung volume at end expiration is greater than the FRC

  12. Auto-PEEP or Intrinsic PEEP • Why does hyperinflation occur? • Airflow limitation because of dynamic collapse • No time to expire all the lung volume (high RR or Vt) • Expiratory muscle activity • Lesions that increase expiratory resistance

  13. Auto-PEEP or Intrinsic PEEP • Auto-PEEP is measured in a relaxed pt with an end-expiratory hold maneuver on a mechanical ventilator immediately before the onset of the next breath

  14. Auto-PEEP or Intrinsic PEEP • Adverse effects: • Predisposes to barotrauma • Predisposes hemodynamic compromises • Diminishes the efficiency of the force generated by respiratory muscles • Augments the work of breathing • Augments the effort to trigger the ventilator

  15. Different types of patient

  16. COPD and Asthma • Goals: • Diminish dynamic hyperinflation • Diminish work of breathing • Controlled hypoventilation (permissive hypercapnia)

  17. Diminish DHI • Why?

  18. Diminish DHI • How? • Diminish minute ventilation • Low Vt (6-8 cc/kg) • Low RR (8-10 b/min) • Maximize expiratory time

  19. Diminish work of breathing • How: • Add PEEP (about 85% of PEEPi) • Applicable in COPD and Asthma.

  20. Controlled hypercapnia • Why? • Limit high airway pressures and thus diminish the risk of complications

  21. Controlled hypercapnia • How? • Control the ventilation to keep adequate pressures up to a PH > 7.20 and/or a PaCO2 of 80 mmHg

  22. Controlled hypercapnia • CI: • Head pathologies • Severe HTN • Severe metabolic acidosis • Hypovolemia • Severe refractory hypoxia • Severe pulmonary HTN • Coronary disease

  23. Restrictive Pattern • Intrapulmonary: Intra-alveolar filling processes Alterations in lung interstitium • Extrapulmonary Pleural disease Chest wall abnormalities • Neuromuscular disease

  24. Management of Mechanical Ventilation • Volume • Pressure • I:E ratio • Mode

  25. Thank You

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