Food & Nutrition Security

1. Food & Nutrition Security M.H. Suryanarayana Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai INDIA

2. Food & Nutrition Security:Importance(contd.) • Importance • Human Development • Efficiency & productivity of labor, the only asset of the poor; • Wages & incomes • Undernourished population - poor Food Security: Introduction

3. Food & Nutrition Security:Importance • Different World Food Summits avowed to reduce hunger • One of the Millennium Development GoalsMDGs • Incidence of hunger to be reduced by half during 1990-2015 Food Security: Introduction

4. Nutrition Security: • Nutrition: Essentially an investment: • To realize MDGs: Poverty alleviation, education, health, gender equality: (cont.) • Malnutrition is a poverty outcome; good nutrition is a solution to poverty • Nutrition facilitates learning & hence, achieve universal primary education • Girl’s nutrition promotes gender status & incentives for small family size: Gender equality and empowerment • 60% U5 mortality is due to malnutrition: hence, nutrition would reduce child mortality • 20% of maternal deaths – iron deficiency anemia: Hence, important to improve maternal health Food Security: Introduction

5. Nutrition Security: • Nutrition: Essentially an investment: • To realize MDGs: Poverty alleviation, education, health, gender equality: • Nutrition – improves immunity, HIV related infection, decelerates progression from HIV to AIDS: To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria & other diseases • Facilitates environmental sustainability because its conservation is low priority for the under-nourished Food Security: Introduction

6. Policy Relevance: • Micro Perspective: • Health and nutritional outcomes • Labor productivity • Wages and earnings; hence, incomes • Deprivation and human development Food Security: Introduction

7. Policy Relevance: • Macro: • Human capital of the society & implications for productivity, incomes and deprivation • Million Development Goals Food Security: Introduction

8. Food Security: Definition • World Food Summit, 13-17 November 1996, Rome Italy: World Food Summit Plan of Action: • Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Food Security: Introduction

9. Food Security: • Dimensions: • Availability • Access • Stability of food supply and access (weather, prices, conflicts, political manipulation, etc. can affect them adversely) • Safe and Health food use Food Security: Introduction

10. Food Insecurity: • Occurs when: • Food is available but is not nutritionally adequate • When not everyone get enough to eat • Food is available but households cannot buy because of high prices or high costs of transportation, do not meet local preferences • Food is inedible Food Security: Introduction

11. Policy Imperatives • Capacity of families, households, communities: To be improved • Education, Health care and AIDS-prevention • Targeted social protection programs, cash transfers, school-based food programs etc • Sustainable livelihoods in both rural and urban areas • Prioritise issues related to food security and fair trade Food Security: Introduction

12. Measurement Issues: • Developed Countries: • Macro Perspective: • Little scope for structural change & hence, for misinterpretation of estimates and finings Food Security: Introduction

13. Developed Countries: Macro Perspective • Economic access: Per capita income & distribution parameters like poverty estimates • Physical access: (i) Per capita food grain availability (Production+ Δ stocks + net trade – seeds – wastage) ; (ii) per capita food consumption (iii)per capita calorie intake etc. Food Security: Introduction

14. Nutrition Security Concepts & Data Sources

15. Food Deprivation: • Under-nourishment: • Prevalence of undernourishment in total population • Proportion of the population in a condition of undernourishment. • Undernourishment: • Condition of people whose dietary energy consumption is continuously below a minimum dietary energy requirement (MDER) for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical activity. Source: FAO

16. Depth of Hunger • Intensity of food deprivation: • Measures the extent (absolute) shortfall of food from the minimum food needs in terms of dietary energy • Given by (minimum dietary energy - the average dietary energy intake of the undernourished population) • Intensity: • Low < 200 kilocalories per person per day • High if > 300 kilocalories per person per day. • The greater the deficit, the greater the susceptibility for health risks related to under nutrition. Source; FAO

17. Food Needs: • Minimum dietary energy requirement (MDER): • For a specific age and sex group, the amount of dietary energy per person is that considered adequate to meet the energy needs for minimum acceptable weight for attained-height maintaining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical activity. • For the entire population, the minimum energy requirement is the weighted average of the minimum energy requirements of the different age and sex groups in the population. Source: FAO

18. Food Consumption • Nutrients: Dietary Energy, Protein and Fat • Dietary Energy, Protein, Fat Consumption: • Amount of food, in kcal per day, for each individual in the total population. • Dietary protein consumption per person: • Amount of protein in food, in grams per day, for each individual in the total population. • Dietary fat consumption per person: • Amount of fat in food, in grams per day, for each individual in the total population. Source: FAO

19. Food Consumption • Energy: • Kilocalorie is a unit of measurement of dietary energy • One kcal equals 1 000 calories and one kJ equals 1 000 joules. • In the International System of Units (ISU), the universal unit of dietary energy is the joule (J). One kcal = 4.184 kJ. Source: FAO

20. Food Deprivation • Depth of Hunger • Food Needs • Food Consumption • Data source: • FAO Statistics Division Food Security: Introduction

21. Nutritional Status: Children • Prevalence of underweight in children under five years (U5): • Moderate underweight: Proportion of children U5 with weight < that of 2 standard deviations below the median of weight-for-age of the WHO reference population • Severe underweight: Proportion of children U5 with weight < that of 3 standard deviations below the same median Source: FAO

22. Nutritional Status: Children • Prevalence of stunting in children U5: • Moderate: Proportion of children U5 with height or stature less than that of 2 standard deviations below the median height or stature-for-age of the WHO reference population • Severe: Proportion of children U5 with height or stature less than that of 3 standard deviations below the same median Source: FAO

23. Nutritional Status: Children • Prevalence of wasting in children U5: • Moderate: Proportion of children U5 with weight less than that of 2 standard deviations below the median of weight-for-height or stature of the WHO reference population • Severe: Proportion of children U5 with weight less than that of 3 standard deviations below the same median Source: FAO

24. Nutritional Status: Children • Prevalence of overweight in children U5: • Moderate: Proportion of children U5 with weight greater than that of 2 standard deviations above the median weight-for-height or stature of the WHO reference population • Severe: Proportion of children U5 with weight greater than that of 3 standard deviations above the same median Source: FAO

25. Children - Stunting, Underweight, Wasting, Overweight • Data sources: • WHO. 2004. Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition • World Bank. 2004. World Development Indicators. Food Security: Introduction

26. Nutritional Status: Adults • Body Mass Index (BMI): • An index of weight-for-height • Weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m²) • Generally used to classify underweight, overweight and obesity in adults • Also called Quetelet index after Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874) Source: FAO

27. Nutritional Status: Adults Source: FAO

28. Adults - Underweight, Overweight, Obesity • Data sources: • The WHO Global Database on Body Mass Index (BMI) Food Security: Introduction

29. Health: • Life expectancy at birth (years): • Number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of birth were to stay the same during the lifespan. • Child mortality rate: • Probability of dying between birth and exactly five year of age, expressed per 1000 live births. • Infant mortality rate: • Probability of dying between birth and exactly one year of age, expressed per 1000 live births SOurce: FAO

30. Life expectancy at birth, under five mortality, infant mortality • Data sources: • Life expectancy at birth: World Bank. 2005. World Development Indicators • Child mortality rate: UNICEF. 2005. Child mortality. • Infant mortality rate: UNICEF. 2005. Infant mortality. Food Security: Introduction

31. Poverty: • Poverty rate / Headcount Index: • National poverty rate / headcount index: • Percentage of the population living below the national official poverty line. • Urban poverty rate / headcount index: • Percentage of the urban population living below the urban poverty line. • Rural poverty rate / headcount index: • Percentage of the rural population living below the rural poverty line. • Data sources: • World Bank. 2004. World Development Indicators. Food Security: Introduction

32. Global Hunger Index IFPRI Index

33. Global Hunger Index • Objectives: • Rank countries • Compare international experience for policy guidance. • Draw global attention Food Security: Introduction

34. Global Hunger Index • Sample: • Based on 120 developing and transitional countries countries; • Compares 88 only • Three indicators • Un-weighted average as an index Food Security: Introduction

35. Indicators: Food Security: Introduction

36. Hunger Index Scale:Source: IFPRI Source: IFPRI

37. Country Classification: n= 120Source: IFPRI Food Security: Introduction

38. Global Trends: 1990 - 2008 • Hunger (Global index): decreased by less than one-fifth • 1990: 18.7 • 2008: 15.2 • Performance by indicator: • % underweight children: declined by by 5.9 points Food Security: Introduction

39. Regional Profile: 2008 • Status: Alarming • Sub-Saharan Africa: 23.3 • South Asia: 23.0 • Ten countries (highest levels of hunger); nine are in Sub-Saharan Africa • Ten best performers since 1990: None from Sub-Saharan Africa Food Security: Introduction

40. Country ProfilesSource: IFPRI Food Security: Introduction

41. Country ProfilesSource; IFPRI Food Security: Introduction

42. Poverty Profile: Source; IFPRI Food Security: Introduction

43. Where Do The Poor Live?Source: IFPRI Source: IFPRI

44. Global Index ScaleSource; IFPRI Food Security: Introduction

45. 2008 Global Hunger IndexSource; IFPRI Food Security: Introduction

46. Progress – RegressSource; IFPRI Food Security: Introduction

47. GHI-Winners and Losers: 1990 – 2008Source; IFPRI Food Security: Introduction

48. Global Food Price CrisisSource; IFPRIs Food Security: Introduction

49. Food Security: Introduction

50. Dietary Energy Consumption Food Security: Introduction