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The Regional Dimension of the Brazilian Innovation System. Marcos Costa Lima Jonatas Ferreira Ana Cristina Fernandes.
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The Regional Dimension of the Brazilian Innovation System Marcos Costa Lima Jonatas Ferreira Ana Cristina Fernandes
Brazil is marked with profound social disparities, superposed by regional unevenness in terms of development standards. Therefore, it’s a fragile country in a world dominated by Transnational Corporations, which profit on these inequalities. CELSOFURTADO in : Em Busca de Novo Modelo. Reflexões sobre a Crise Contemporânea. Paz e Terra, 2002
Summary • Analytical Background 2. A Brief Contextualization of Brazilian Regional and Economic Issues 3. Innovation Spatialization in Brazil 4. Conclusions
Theoretically, we take into account: 1.The National Innovation System (Freeman) 2. The Learning Economy (Lundvall) 3. The Finance-driven Accumulation Regime (Chesnais) 4. The Regional Innovation System (Storper) 5. Agglomeration Economies (Sabóia); (Lemos) 6. Local Productive Arrangements –APL’s (Cassiolato; Lastres)
With regard to the relation between the dynamics of regional space and the location and agglomeration of firms in productive and innovative systems, we understand that: • History matters and is decisive: it restates the complexity of interactions between society and space; • Geographic proximity matters and facilitates interactions and communication among agents: firms; government and people; • Geographic proximity also stimulates new learning and improves the possibility of coordinate actions
Besides firms, the presence of such institutions as universities, research centers, laboratories and of qualified human capital foment sustainable development and proactive synergies; Regional development happens if it is related to competitiveness in places where institutional capacities, infrastructure, knowledge and skills exist; The presence of the State is decisive; One thing is a region in a rich country and quite another is a region in a peripheral one
A Brief Contextualization of Brazilian Regional and Economic Issues Regional Asymmetries
Economic Density according to GDP per capita Brazilian Regions
Industrial centralization persists in the country The dispersion movement of industry, which had favored the less developed regions in the eighties, stopped. Today, from 68 urban agglomerations of intense and recent industrial dynamics, 79% are located in the South and Southeast regions, but only 15% in the Northeast and 6% in the North and Center-West. RegionalDisparities Data
HEALTH and LIFE: • Life expectancy of Brazilians grew (1993-2003) in average 3,6 years, being higher among women; • Sanitation exists in average for only 16,3% of the poorest 40% in Brazil But in the Southeast it exists for 71,5% of the poorest 40% .
Instruction degree Very low for a country that intends to get into the knowledge society. National average of functional illiteracy for people at age 15 or older is 20,7% In the South this indicator is 16,4%; in Southeast, 16,9% and in the Northeast 30,6% National Average of people with less than a year of instruction or no instruction at all is 15.9%. In the Northeast it is 29,9%.
TABLE SOCIAL INDICATORS PER REGION Source: IBGE/PNAD 2006 for population – IBGE 2005 for other indicators
Labor and Income TABLE ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION PER INCOME CLASS (%) Source: IBGE 2005
TABLE OCCUPIED POPULATION PER SECTOR Source: IBGE 2005
Ownership of Durable Goods Table URBAN PRIVATE HOMES WITH DURABLE GOODS(%) Source: IBGE 2005
INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT dropped 27.1% between 1989 and 1998, and the greatest loss occurred in the Southeast (35.3%). However, the South plus the Southeast still represented 81.6% of industrial employment in 2004. DECENTRALIZATION favors mainly the Northeast and the South
Participation of Technical and Scientific Professionals The participation of technical and scientific professionals in industry is quite low in Brazil. In 1999 only 5.4% of workers were in this group. The situation per region is a bit more favorable to the Southeast (6.6%) and gets worse in the Center-West (3.0%).
Resources in S&T (1991-2000) underwent great flotation of federal expenditures, even considering the increment obtained through the incorporation of Sectorial Funds, starting from 1999 (MCT). Brazilian Spending in S&T: Federal Government 46.6% State Governments 17.0% Private Sector 36.4%
INNOVATION RATE Sweden, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Holland and Germany present innovation rates superior to 60%. In the Brazilian case the rate is 33.3%. In Brazil, process innovation rates in industry were of 27%, superior to product innovation rates ( 20.7%) Source: IBGE: Pesquisa Industrial – Inovação tecnológica, 2005.
PROCESS INNOVATIONS happen above all by the incorporation of machinery and equipments already existent in the internal market, representing a modernization process of the productive industrial plant. From a total of 84,262 industries that occupied more than 10 people, 28,036 indicated they had done some innovation. More than 50% of expenditures in innovation referred to machines and equipments. In the European Union, a little beyond 20% of expenditures were in this item. R&D expenditures in the European Union oscillate between 30 and 60% of the total. In Brazil they don’t get to 20%.
Brazilian industry is concentrated by the hegemonic force of the state of São Paulo and its surroundings. There are sub-national centers which effectively attract industrial investment to areas under their geographical influence. São Paulo and these sub-national attraction areas are dynamic industrial centers in the Brazilian territory. (BORGES LEMOS, 2005).
Technology Learning Capability(3) TABLE UNIVERSITY STUDIES PER REGION (2001) (%) Source: MEC / INEP / DAES – CAMPOLINA DINIZ and GONÇALVES, 2005
TABLE POSGRADUATE STUDENTS ENROLLED IN THE TECHNOLOGIC AREA (MASTER’S AND DOCTORATE) (2001) (%) Fonte: CAPES – CAMPOLINA DINIS e GONÇALVES, 2005
The first conclusion is that Brazil, in general, still has a very low performance in terms of innovation. The second conclusion is that in the state of São Paulo, its industrial tissue, the presence of a great number of multinational companies and Brazilian industrial leaders, the economic density and the existing net of academic formation disseminated through all its territory, establish a different level in the context of the national innovation system. The third conclusion is that there is little or almost no convergence of other Brazilian states toward consolidating a more articulated and integrated regional system than the one existing in São Paulo.
The fourth conclusion is that although a new location of industry is happening in the country, the effects and advances in terms of technological innovation are still tenuous. The fifth conclusion is that the analyzed socio-economic data reveal that the disparities which were found and which have enlarged mainly in the educational sector since the nineties, prevent the Northeast, the North and the Center-West regions from moving toward a knowledge society.
