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Chapter 13 Sec 4. The power of the Church. Age of Faith. Another ter m often used to describe the Middle Ages . Age of Faith is used due to the power of religion (Christianity) in the daily lives of all people.
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Chapter 13 Sec 4 The power of the Church
Age of Faith • Another term often used to describe the Middle Ages. • Age of Faith is used due to the power of religion (Christianity) in the daily lives of all people. • The church (a term used to describe the Roman Catholic Church) was extremely powerful – MORE powerful than the kings.
Clergy • Church Officials.
Sacrament • The Catholic Church believes in 7 Sacraments, or “pillars” of faith (rituals & ceremonies) that all believers were to follow. They are intended to bring people closer to God. • The 7: Baptism, Confirmation, Penance, Marriage, Eucharist, Holy Orders, Last Rites.
Cannon Law • Church Law
Excommunication • A practice by which the Pope can banish a person from the church community. • “kicking” someone out of the church. • An excommunicated person could not receive help from loyal members of the church. • In the Middle Ages, excommunication was used to intimidate kings and rulers into doing what the church wanted. • Why? An excommunicated Lord or King did not have to be obeyed.
The Holy Roman EmpireNot Holy, Not Roman, not an Empire! • A group of German States ruled by individual princes who elected an Emperor from among themselves to rule the Empire. • Had a DECENTRALIZED government b/c the power to put you in office is the power to take you out – so the Princes were the real rulers and often picked weak rulers who were no threat to their own power.
Gregory VII • Pope in 1075 who banned lay investiture and brought an emperor to his knees (Henry IV). • Shows how powerful the Church was in the 11th Century.
Lay Investiture • The practice of Kings, especially the Holy Roman Emperor, appointing the bishops (high ranking church officials) in their lands. • This practice led to a huge amount of corruption b/c a bishop had a huge amount of power within a king’s territory, many nobles wanted the job for the power and not for any devout religious feeling.
Henry IV • The Holy Roman Emperor who tried to “fire” the pope but was excommunicated by Gregory VII and had to beg forgiveness on his knees for 3 days in the cold snowy Alps. • Why did he need to beg for Forgiveness? • When he was excommunicated the German princes of the Holy Roman Empire did not have to obey him and rebellions broke out!
Concordat of Worms • An agreement that settled Lay Investiture in 1122. What the agreement said: The Holy Roman Emperor could veto the bishops within his territory that the pope appointed. This meant that if the Pope picked someone that the HRE did not approve of – say someone who was the emperor’s rival – then the HRE could veto the appointment. This helped reform some of the corruption within the church & made bishops “more holy.”
Frederick I • First ruler (HRE) to actually call his lands the Holy Roman Empire – in 1152. • A strong ruler who was chosen to try to keep the peace within the Empire. • A.K.A. Barbarossa for his red beard. • Drowned in 1190 and the HRE crumbled into pieces once again (decentralized).
3. What were some of the matters covered by canon law? • Canon Law = Church Law – many rules based on the Christian Bible which guided church members on how to live. • Matters Covered: • Who you could marry (no 1st cousins, only 1 spouse, NO divorce). Monogamy was seen as the most moral and most stable way to raise a family with clear gender roles – jobs for women and men – complimentary TEAM – stability for the kids. • Other rules – when to go to church, pay the Tithe, receive the sacraments (like forgiveness for sins – penance or reconciliation).
4. How did Otto the Great make the crown stronger than the German nobles? • He made alliances with Church Officials – no one could appose the church at this time.
5. Why did lay investiture cause a struggle between kings and popes? • It was all about power. • If you give someone a job – lay investiture meant as king you could appoint bishops – then that person “owes” you and is likely to favor you in the future.
6. How was the structure of the church like that of the Feudal system? • They are both based on a pyramid of power.
7. Was the Concordat of Worms a “fair” compromise for both the emperor and the church? • Answers will vary: • Yes – both sides shared power. • No – a Secular power (the Emperor) should not have power over a spiritual authority (a bishop) – separation of church and state is what keeps the U.S. out of a lot of conflicts today.