Verbs (part 1)

1. Verbs (part 1)

2. The Five Characteristics of Verbs • Person – who or what does* the action: • 1st person: I am sleepy. We see her. • 2nd person: You play soccer. You (all) sing well. • 3rd person: He/She/It is over there. They stink. • Number – how many subjects there are (singular or plural): • I am tall. We are short. • Tense – the time of the action (when it happens): • We go, we went, we will go.

3. Five Characteristics Cont. • Mood – way the action or state of being of the verb is conveyed • Indicative mood indicates facts: She is tall. They are going to the store. I read a book. • Imperativemood makes a command: Go to sleep! Pay attention! Sit back and relax. • Voice – tells us whether the subject DOES or RECEIVES the action • Active voice = the subject does it : She hits the ball • Passice voice = the subject receives it: The ball is hit by her.

4. Practice We play basketball. • Person? • 1st person • Number? • Plural • Tense? • Present • Mood? • Indicative • Voice? • Active

5. He likes ice cream. • Person? • Third • Number? • Singular • Tense? • Present • Mood? • Indicative • Voice? • active

6. You (all) be quiet. • Person? • 2nd person • Number? • Plural • Tense? • Present • Mood? • Imperative

7. Conjugation • To conjugate = to list all of the forms of the verb, based on its five characterstics (person, number, tense, mood and voice). • In ENGLISH, we would conjugate a present tense verb as follows: • I praise — We praise • You praise — You (all) praise • S/he/ it praises — They praise • Notice that we can determine the verb’s PERSON and NUMBER by its form only in the 3rd person singular: praises (rather than praise)

8. Latin Conjugation • Unlike English, In Latin we can figure out the PERSON and NUMBER of all six verb forms by its personal endings • 1st sing. - o • 2nd sing. - s • 3rd sing. - t • 1st pl. - mus • 2nd pl. - tis • 3rd pl. - nt • But what do we ADD these endings to?

9. The present infinitive • The present active infinitive = to verb: to sing, to advise, to be. • In Latin, there are five “types” of verbs, called conjugations. Each conjugation is easy to identify by its present active infinitive. • FIRST CONJUGATION • laudāre (to praise) • All verbs that end in –ĀRE are FIRST conjugation verbs. • SECOND CONJUGATION • monēre (to advise) • All verbs that end in –ĒRE are SECOND conjugation verbs.

10. Paradigms • To find the present active indicative of LAUDĀRE and MONĒRE • FIND STEM: Laudā-re Monē-re • Add personal endings • Laudō (I praise, am/do…)* Moneō (I advise) • Laudās (you praise) Monēs (you advise) • Laudat (s/he/it praises)Monet (s/he/it advises) • Laudāmus (we praise)Monēmus (we advise) • Laudātis (you all praise)Monētis (you all advise) • Laudant (they praise)Monent (they advise) • *Unlike English, Latin uses this one tense to express: • I verb (I run, I sing, etc.) • I am verbing (I am running, I am singing, etc.) • I do verb (I do run, I do sing, etc.)

11. Practice • Laudat • S/he/it praises, (is praising, does praise) • Monētis • You (all) advise (are advising, do advise) • Laudō • I praise • Monent • They advise • Laudāmus • We praise • Moneō • I advise

12. Practice • Conjugate the present active indicative of LAUDŌ,LAUDĀRE • Conjugate the present active indicative of MONEŌ, MONĒRE • How would we conjugate AMŌ, AMĀRE (to love)? • Amo • Amas • Amat • Amamus • Amatis • amant • How would we conjugate TERREŌ, TERRĒRE (to frighten, terrify)? • Terreo • Terres • Terret • Terremus • Terretis • terrent

13. Present Active Imperative • As we’ve seen, this mood is used for giving commands (Sit still, Give me the remote). • Just like in English, Latin imperatives are either 2nd person singular or plural: (You) sit still; (You all) behave. • To form the imperative, drop the -re from the infinitive: • LAUDĀ(-RE) and MONĒ(-RE) • These are the 2nd sing. Imperatives. • Laudā =praise! • Monē = advise! • For the imperative PLURAL, add –te. • Laudāte • Monēte

14. Practice • Monē mē! • Advise me! • Laudate me! • You (all) praise me! • How would we form the pres. act. imperative of amō, amāre? • Amā! • Amāte! • How would we form the pres. act. Imperative of terreō, terrēre? • Terrē! • Terrēte!

15. 3rd Conj. Pres. Inf. and Pres. Act. Indic • Of the four verb conjugations, the 3rd is the most problematic because of its thematicvowel. • ago, agere, ēgi, actumto lead, drive, do • Present Inf = agere • NO MACRON! • Present Active Indicative: • 1stago (I lead) agimus (we lead) • 2nd agis (you lead) agitis (you all lead) • 3rd agit (he leads) agunt (they lead)

16. Practice – give the person, number, tense, voice, and mood, and translate. • Agere • Present active infinitive. To lead • Agunt • 3rd pl. pres. Act. Indic. They lead • Agis • 2nd sing. Pres. Act. Indic. Youlead • Agit • 3rd sing. Pres. Act. Indic. S/He/itleads

17. Imperfect active indicative • Finally, a tense that looks normal… • Luckily, in the imperfect, 3rd conjugation verbs keep the –ba- endings. • Take the inf.— agere • And add the endings to its stem: age: • Agēbam (I was leading) agēbamus (we were) • Agēbas (You were…) agēbatis (you all were) • Agēbat (He was..) agēbant (they were)

18. Present Active Imperative To form the imperative, we get the stem, then add the endings: • AGERE • AGE-RE • AGE = lead! • AGITE = you all lead! • NOTE- the singular is simply age, but the plural uses the short -i- rather than an –e-.

19. More practice- give the person and number, tense, voice, and mood, and translate • Agebam • 1st sing. Impf. Act. Indic. I was leading • Agere • Pres. Act. Indic. To lead • Agite • 2nd pl. pres. act. Imptv. You all lead! • Agit • 3rd sing. Pres. Act. Indic. Heleads • Agēbatis • 2nd pl. impf. Act. Indic. You all were leading

20. Review of the 3rd conjugation • Pres. Imp. • duco ducebam • ducis ducebas • ducit ducebat • ducimus ducebamus • ducitis ducebatis • ducunt ducebant

21. Fourth conjugation • As we’ve seen, conjugations are grouped by their infinitives: – āre, –ēre, –ere • Now we’re learning a new one! • Audio, audīre, audīvī, auditum to hear

22. Present tense: audio, audīre, audivi, auditum • audio • audīs • audit • audīmus • audītis • audiunt • NOTE: the fourth conj. Has a long –ī, so it has a macron in the 2nd sing./pl. and 1st pl.

23. Imperfect indicative active • audiebam • audiebas • audiebat • audiebamus • audiebatis • Audiebant • NOTE we take the short –i (audi-) and add –ebam –ebas –ebat, etc. to it.

24. Present active imperative • audī • audīte • Just like we’ve seen before, we take the infinitive audīre, drop the –re for the singular, and add –te for the plural. • NOTE: The 2nd plural imperative has a long –ī = -īte, unlike the 3rd conj. (-ite)

25. Review • Pres.Impf. • Audio audiēbam • Audīs audiēbatis • Audit audiēbat • Audīmus audiēbamus • Audītis audiēbatis • Audiunt audiēbant • Imperatives: audī, audīte • Infinitive: audīre NOTE: In bold are the forms different from those of the third conj.

26. Third –io verbs • In addition to these four conjugations, there is a subset of the third conjugation that are a little funny. BUT they all follow the same pattern, and so are easily memorized. • These verbs look very similar to the 4th conj. BUT have a 3rd conj. Infinitive and imperative forms. They’re a sort of hybrid between the 3rd and 4th conj. • Ex: capio, capere, cēpi, captum

27. 3rd -io verbs: capio, capere, cepi, captum • Present: • capio • capis • capit • capimus • capitis • capiunt • NOTE: the forms in bold are identical to the 4th conjugation, the others are identical to the other 3rd conj. verbs we’ve seen.

28. 3rd -io Impf. • capiebam • capiebas • capiebat • capiebamus • capiebatis • capiebant • NOTE: all of these forms look like 4th conj.

29. 3rd –io Imperatives • Cape • Capite • NOTE: Since this is a 3rd conj. verb, the inf. Is –ere, so the imperatives are formed accordingly.

30. Practice • Congratulations! You now know the active present, future, and imperfect tenses (and the pres. active infinitives and imperatives) for ALL LATIN VERBS! • So lets do some practice: Which conj. is the verb? • supero, -āre • 1st • Capio, ere • 3rd -io • Audio, īre • 4th • Duco,ere • 3rd • Fugio, ere • 3rd -io