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Incineration & landfilling

Incineration & landfilling. Håkan Jönsson Professor Hakan.Jonsson@et.slu.se Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Waste incineration. Renewable fuel : 80-90% of Swedish household waste is renewable (incineration tax assumed 87.4%) Heating value: 2,5- 3,2 -4 kWh/kg, 9- 11,5 -14 MJ/kg

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Incineration & landfilling

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  1. Incineration & landfilling Håkan Jönsson Professor Hakan.Jonsson@et.slu.se Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Department of Energy and Technology

  2. Waste incineration Renewable fuel: 80-90% of Swedish household waste is renewable (incineration tax assumed 87.4%) Heating value: 2,5-3,2-4 kWh/kg, 9-11,5-14 MJ/kg Heterogeneous ”dirty” fuel Extensive flue gas cleaning necessary Large plants Storage needed but difficult Even production over the year Difficult when biowaste is included Department of Energy and Technology

  3. Waste incineration 2008 • 29 incineration plants for household waste, 4.6 Mton/yr, of which 2.3 Mton/yr household waste • Sizes; > 200 000/yr 7 plants (Sthlm, Gbg, Lin, Mö, Stje, Svall, Ua), 100 000 - 200 000/yr 4 plants and <100 000/yr 18 plants • Energy recovery 12.2 TWh heat (29% of district heating) & 1.5 TWh electricity (1% of electricity use) • Mass decreases by 75%, volume by 90%. • Residues: slag 20%, fly ash 3-5% (hazardous waste) • Initially introduced for mass and volume reduction Department of Energy and Technology

  4. Air emissions Department of Energy and Technology

  5. GRAABS plant, Gothenburg Department of Energy and Technology

  6. Waste incinerator - Uganda Department of Energy and Technology

  7. An advanced incineration system Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

  8. Flue gas - pollutants • Particles • Filter – electrostatic and/or textile filters • NOx Fee 50 SEK/kg NOx (Total 688 milj SEK) • Ammonia injection: 4 NH3 + 6 NO -> 5 N2 + 6 H2O; 4 NH3 + 4 NO +O2 -> 4 N2 + 6 H2O • In furnace SNCR (Selctive Non-Cathalytic Reduction – 900-1050°C, 40-60% reduction) • After furnace SCR (Selective Cathalytic Reduction – 300-400°C, 70-90% reduction) • HCl • Alkaline treatment (lime) • SOx • Alkaline treatment (lime) • Heavy metals • Removed with particles and acids • Dioxin • Attaches to active C, removed with particles at low temperature Department of Energy and Technology

  9. Flue gas cleaning - filters • Cyclone • Electro filter • Textile filter (slangfilter) • Scrubber Ill: Niro A/S Department of Energy and Technology

  10. Important parameters • Temperature • Retention time • Oxygen • Turbulence Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

  11. Sources of dioxin in Sweden Fig: Persson, 2005 Department of Energy and Technology

  12. Incineration plants • Grate furnaces (Rosterpannor) • Most common • accepts large “particles” • sensitive for varying energy content • hard to control – much fuel in system • grates need water cooling if waste is dry • Fluidised bed roaster (Fluidbäddpanna) • Easier to control and adjust to fuel • Shreading necessary - (max 10 cm) Fluidised bed roaster Department of Energy and Technology Ill: Berman & Dille, Westinghouse

  13. A modern incineration plant Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

  14. Flue gas cleaning Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

  15. Incineration hazardous waste Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

  16. Landfill Department of Energy and Technology

  17. The different stages of a landfill Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

  18. Water flows Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

  19. Land fill and water flows Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

  20. Requirements on liner Tid Flöde 200 år <5 l/m2, år 50 år <50 l/m2, år 1 år Fig: Persson, 2005 Department of Energy and Technology

  21. Hydrological considerations Fig: Persson, 2005 Department of Energy and Technology

  22. Collection of landfill gas 2003: 414 GWh to district heating, 26 WGWh electricity and 60 GWh not used. Fig: Persson, 2005 Department of Energy and Technology

  23. A well managed sanitary landfill Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

  24. Top and bottom liner Fig: Persson, 2005 Department of Energy and Technology

  25. Liners - hazardous waste Department of Energy and Technology Fig: Persson, 2005

  26. Landfill –biowaste banned • EU Directive fully implemented 2008 • Containment of waste • Biowaste goes anaerobic • Org C -> CH4 & CO2 • Greenhouse gas, 50% collected (optimistic figure), 10% oxidised • Risk of fire • Sinking – top liner damaged – more leachate • Nutrients and heavy metals leaches Aim: totally sealed Department of Energy and Technology

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