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McKinley Foreign Policy 1877-1899

McKinley Foreign Policy 1877-1899. Samoa. A. The United States competed with Great Britain and Germany in the Pacific over territories and markets B. 1878, a treaty gave the US rights to the main harbor in Pago Pago, Samoa.

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McKinley Foreign Policy 1877-1899

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  1. McKinley Foreign Policy1877-1899

  2. Samoa A. The United States competed with Great Britain and Germany in the Pacific over territories and markets B. 1878, a treaty gave the US rights to the main harbor in Pago Pago, Samoa

  3. C. In 1889, the Germans sent marines to protect their interests in Pago Pago, Samoa – the British and Americans sent gunboats. D. Ten years later (1899) the US retained the rights to Pago Pago after the three powers carved up the islands

  4. Hawaii • US wanted to expand trade across the Pacific to China – Hawaii was a vital link Remember “Manifest Destiny”- Americans believed God wanted them to spread out and help take over the world, missionary… B. 1780s an American Merchant ship had stopped in Hawaii and by the 1840s merchant and missionaries dominated the port of Honolulu

  5. C. Missionaries began cultivating sugar and producing it for export to the US D. 1875 treaty between the US and Hawaii allowed Hawaiian sugar to enter the states duty-free E. By 1898 the value of sugar estates in Hawaii was $40 million F. By the 1880s, the US had asserted control over the island – including naval rights at Pearl Harbor

  6. G. 1890 McKinley Tariff – allowed all countries to ship sugar to the US duty free and also gave US producers of sugar a 2 cent subsidy H. The McKinley Tariff crushed the Hawaiian economy

  7. I. Queen Liliuokalani – very strong nationalist – tried to limit foreign influence in Hawaii and restore the power of the monarchy Queen Liliuokalani

  8. J. As a nationalist, she believed that Hawaii should remain in the hands of the native people. As a monarchist, she believed that she – not the sugar planters – should control the constitutional legislature. K. 1893, the planters overthrew Queen Lil – the US Marines were sent ashore to protect American lives and property

  9. L. Revolutionary government was headed by Sanford Dole – Queen Lil surrendered her throne M. President Cleveland supported the investigation that condemned the US involvement in the Hawaiian revolt and requested that Queen Lil be restored to the throne

  10. N. Dole refused to step down – Hawaii remained a republic from 1894 -1898 "The Hawaiian pear is Now fully ripe and this Is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it." - Minister to the Secretary of State February 1, 1893 Sanford B. Dole, on the left, continued as President of the new Territory of Hawaii until the Hawaiian Organic Act of 1900 established a permanent territorial government led by a governor.

  11. O. (8) Hawaii will be annexed under President McKinley on July 7, 1898 Fun fact for the day! Hawaii becomes A state on August 21, 1959 Notice McKinley has Cuba, Puerto Rico, The Philippines and Sandwich Islands (Roosevelt will add Panama)

  12. China A. China provided an additional market for the US to sell to during the age of New Imperialism B. Japan defeated China in 1895 – Japan encouraged European tries to take advantage of China’s weakened position.

  13. C. Each nation sought to establish a “sphere of influence” – an area in which that country’s commercial and military interests dominate

  14. (10) 1899, Secretary of State John Hay circulated the first of two “open door” notes to imperial powers asked them to open free trade in China Secretary of State John Hay

  15. E. Three part process: (1) requested that all ports in their spheres be open to trade (2) requested that China be allowed to collect tariffs and duties (3) requested equal harbor, railroad and tariff rates be equal in their spheres

  16. (10 cont.) Boxer Rebellion in China A. Group of Chinese nationalists (known as the Boxers) blamed the US (Westerners and foreigners) for China’s troubles B. Spring of 1900, the Boxers killed over 200 foreign missionaries and traders in China

  17. C. Foreign countries responded by sending in troops to Beijing – along the way, these troops plundered the countryside and killed civilians

  18. E. Sec. of State John Hay issued a 2nd Open Door Note requesting foreign powers to respect China’s territorial/administrative rights and continue open trade F. China remained sovereign but had to pay European powers $333 million for damages

  19. (5) Spanish American War- 1898An armed military conflict between Spain and the United Statesthat took place from April to August 1898. The war began due to American demands that Spain peacefully resolve the Cuban fight for independence. However, strongexpansionist sentiment in the United States may have also made the US target Spain's other remaining overseas territories: Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and the Caroline Islands.

  20. Spanish American War - 1898 Some causesof American involvement… 1. Cuban Revolution-Cuba’s fight for freedom from Spanish oppression 2. Mistreatment of Women-the reported atrocities committed against Cuban women from Spanish “overseers” in Cuba 3.DeLome letter-The Spanish diplomat's controversial letter was critical of U.S. President McKinley and the prospects for peace . It was leaked to the U.S. press, forcing the recall of the highly capable minister.

  21. WAR FEVER ESCALATES (4) DeLome letter-The Spanish diplomat's controversial letter was critical of U.S. President McKinley and the prospects for peace . It was leaked to the U.S. press, forcing the recall of the highly capable minister • Newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer (New York World)exaggerated Spanish atrocities and brutality in “Headline Wars” Political cartoon: Pulitzer (left) and Hearst escalating and instigating war between the U.S. and Spain

  22. 4. Yellow Journalism-Newspapers like the New York Journal and the New York World relied on sensationalist headlines to sell newspapers- the Cuban Revolution was an excellent chance to sell papers… remember: "Everything is quiet. There is no trouble. There will be no war. I wish to return." The publisher's reply is alleged to have been: "Please remain. You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war." 5.Explosion of the USS Maine-The American battleship that mysteriously exploded in Havana Harbor (while protecting US interests’ in Cuba) causing outrage and the eventual entrance of America into Cuba’s revolution against Spain

  23. (3) February 15, 1898 U.S.S. Maineexplodes In Havana Harbor, Cuba (a) The explosion demolished the ship, killing 266 crewmen. An inquest ruled that the explosion was caused by sabotage. Later investigations suggested that an accidental fire in the coal storage bunker ignited the gunpowder magazines. (b) The explosion was a cause of the Spanish-American War and reason for the rallying cry, "Remember the Maine!, To hell with Spain!" The episode focused national attention on the crisis in Cuba but was not cited by President McKinley as a cause. (c) Some who were already inclined to go to war with Spain over their perceived atrocities and loss of control in Cuba may have seen this as the last straw.

  24. Cuba - 90 miles from FL

  25. II. March 29, 1898The United States Government issued an ultimatum to the Spanish Government to terminate its presence in Cuba. Spain did not accept the ultimatum. III. April 4, 1898 The New York Journal issued a million copy press run dedicated to the war in Cuba. The newspaper called for the immediate U.S. entry into war with Spain.

  26. IV. April 19, 1898The U.S. Congress by vote of 311 to 6 in the House and 42 to 35 in the Senate voted for war with Spain.(9) The Teller Amendment, passed at this time disclaimed any intention by the U.S. to control Cuba except in a pacification role and promised to leave the island as soon as the war was over. V. April 25, 1898War was formally declared between Spain and the United States and McKinley ordered a blockade of Cuba. The U.S. fleet left Florida for Havana to begin the Cuban blockade at the principal ports .McKinley called for 125,000 volunteers.

  27. (14) April 30 /May 1, 1898U.S. Commodore George Dewey was told to attack the Spanish in Manila Bay, Philippines. (a)He sailed from China late the night of April 30, and the following morning he gave the order to attack at first light, by saying the now famous words "You may fire when you are ready." Within 6 hours, on May 1, he had sunk or captured the entire Spanish Pacific fleet, with the loss of only one life on the American side. (b) News of the victory in the Battle of Manila Bay made Dewey a great hero in the U.S. Dewey's swift easy victory encouraged McKinley toplace the Philippines under U.S. control.

  28. Spain also owns territory in Pacific… a good place for our “land birds” to land on!!

  29. VII. Guam, one of the Mariana Islands in the western Pacific, surrendered to Captain Henry Glass on the U.S.S. Charleston. The Spanish commander on the island obviously had not heard of the outbreak of the war, and there was no ammunition on the island. VIII. (6) Teddy Roosevelt and his Rough Riders … El Caney and the battle of San Juan Hill, Spanish outposts to Santiago de Cuba, were stormed and taken over by U.S. troops. There were heavy casualties on both sides. This is the famous battle won by Roosevelt and the turning point to the fighting in Cuba- the US is winning

  30. July 3, 1898 - (15) THE NAVAL BATTLE OF SANTIAGO The U.S. Navy's defeat of the Spanish Navy marked the end of centuries-long Spanish power in the western hemisphere.1,800Spaniards died in the battle, in contrast to one American death and one American wounded sailor. All of the Spanish ships were beached, either burning or sinking. Two weeks later the Spanish forces defending Santiago surrendered and the Spanish-American war ended.

  31. U.S. WINS; SIGNS TREATY OF PARIS • The U.S. and Spain signed an armistice on August 12, 1898, ending what Secretary of State John Hay called “a splendid little war” • The war lasted only 16 weeks • Cuba was now independent • U.S. receives Guam, Puerto Rico, and “bought” the Philippines for $20 million Treaty of Paris, 1898

  32. (7) Treaty of Peace in Paris December 10, 1898Representatives of Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Peace in Paris. (1)Spain freed Cuba, (2)Spain gave up Puerto Rico and Guam to the US, (3)and Spain sold the Philippine Islands, for $20,000,000 to the US.

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