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LANGUAGE CLASSIFICATIONS

LANGUAGE CLASSIFICATIONS. Typological Classifications of Languages. Genetic. Typological. Language classifications. Sanskrit Ukrainian English Мāтар - матір - mother Відгава - вдова - widow Свасар - сестра - sister Мус - миша - mouse Вāюс - вітер - wind

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LANGUAGE CLASSIFICATIONS

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  1. LANGUAGE CLASSIFICATIONS Typological Classifications of Languages

  2. Genetic Typological Language classifications

  3. SanskritUkrainian English Мāтар - матір - mother Відгава - вдова - widow Свасар - сестра - sister Мус - миша - mouse Вāюс - вітер - wind Гірі - гора - hill Нава - новий - new дваӮ - два - two Траяс - три - three Панча - пять - five

  4. Genetic Languages sharelinguistic properties because they’regenetically related, historically,they evolved from the same parentlanguage. Historical Comparative Linguistics Typological Typological classificationsare based on shared formal characteristics of languages, irrespective of their origin: properties of sounds,words, sentences. Linguistic Typology Language classifications

  5. Typological classifications English (Germanic), Classical Arabic(Semitic), Russian (Slavic), form wh-questionsby placing the wh-phrase at thefront of the sentence (called wh-fronting): Who did you meet? What did he do? By contrast, Chinese, Japanese, andEgyptian Arabic form wh-questionsby leaving the wh-phrase in the end: You met who? He did what?

  6. Typological classifications • Frederick Schlegel (1772-1829) • August Schlegel ( 1767-1845) • Wilhelm Humboldt (1767-1835)

  7. Typological classifications • Morphological • Syntactic • Phonological

  8. Morphological Classification • Isolating languages • Agglutinating languages • Flectional languages • synthetic languages • analytic languages • Polysynthetic languages

  9. IsolatingLanguages Each word in the sentence consists of just one morpheme: [ wƆ mǝn tan tçin ] [ wƆ mǝn tan tçin lǝ ] [ ta da wƆ mǝn ]

  10. AgglutinatingLanguages • Each morpheme expresses only one meaning element. • The breaks between morphemes (e.g. between root and affix) are usually easy to identify.

  11. AgglutinatingLanguagesTurkish ev - house el - hand ev-im - my house ev-e - to a house ev-in - of a house ev-de - in a house ev-imiz - our house ev-ler - houses ev-ĵik-ler - little houses ev-ler-de , ev-ler-imiz-e N-A-pl-pron-prep of our little hands el-ĵik- ler -imiz -in

  12. AgglutinatingLanguagesSwahili Present Past Future • ni-na-soma ni-li-soma ni-ta-soma • u-na-soma • a-na-soma

  13. Flectional(Fusional) • each affixal morpheme expresses more than one meaning • morphemes are frequently fused together (root morphemes are affected by affixal morphemes) Ukr.: чита-є чита-в пис-ав пиш-е несу носив Greek: lu-o ‘I loose’ lu-ousin ‘They loose’

  14. Flectional languages • Synthetic (читає, читають,читав, України, Петро бачив Анну) • Analytic (is reading, are reading, was reading, capital of Ukraine, Peter saw Ann)

  15. Polysynthetic (Incorporating) These languages typically combine many morphemes to form very long words. qasu-iir-sar-vig-ssar-si-ngit-luinar-nar-puq ‘Someone did not find a completely suitable resting place.’

  16. Historically, synthetic morphology is usually derived from agglutinative morphology, which in turn is derived from the analytic use of function words: isolating→analytic→agglutinating →synthetic • Hence,different languages usually possess features of different morphological types

  17. Agglutination features in English Сomerse Comersial, comersialism,comercialist(ic) establish establish-ment establish-ment-ary establish-ment-ari-an establish-ment-ari-an-ism dis-establish-ment-ari-an-ism anti-dis-establish-ment-ari-an-ism

  18. Synthetic features in English write - wrote - written study - studied study - studies good - better wife - wives

  19. Analytic features in English Come- are coming Take – will take Does – is done Get – have got Difficult – more difficult A book - the book

  20. Polysynthetic features in English • a devil-may-care attitude • a merry-go-round

  21. The type of language is established on the basis of its predominant features. Isolating__E_____________U______Polysynthetic

  22. REVISION • What is the difference of genetic and typological classification of languages? • What is the type of language based on? • Which language type construct words from clearly defined morphemes? • In which language type affixes are not easy to separate from the stem? • Which language type has mostly one- morpheme words? • Which language type combines many morphemes to form very long words? • Are there pure types of languages?

  23. Comment on the slide SanskritUkrainian English Мāтар - матір - mother Відгава - вдова - widow Свасар - сестра - sister Мус - миша - mouse Вāюс - вітер - wind Гірі - гора - hill Нава - новий - new дваӮ - два - two Траяс - три - three Панча - пять - five

  24. d) Mandarin Ta chi fan le he eat meal …

  25. Syntactic classifications Basic word orders SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OVS, OSV

  26. Basic word ordertypes in the world’s languages • SOV 45 % • SVO 42 % • VSO 9 % • VOS 3 % • OVS 1 % • OSV 1 %

  27. Phonological classifications • Vocalic • Consonantal

  28. Phonological Classifications • tone languages • stress languages Tonemes give paradigmatic prominence to a syllable, while stressmainly gives syntagmatic prominence.

  29. Tone languages (languages with tonemes) • Chinese: ma 1 “mother” a high level tone ma 2 “hemp” a rising tone ma 3 “horse” a low falling-rising tone ma 4 “to scold” a falling tone

  30. Stress languages • free stress(or unpredictable) • fixed stress (or predictable) • last syllable (French, Turkish) • first syllable (Czech, Hungarian, Latvian) • penultimate (second-last) syllable (Polish, Swahili)

  31. Home task: • Korunets I. p.33 Topics for class discussion • Home assignment • Find 2 examples typical of each morphological language type in Ukrainian and English

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