1 / 30

The Age of Mass Politics

The Age of Mass Politics. 1815-1915. Overview. 1815-1848 Conservatism Liberalism Nationalism The Revolutions of 1848 The Age of RealPolitik (1848-1871) The Rise of Socialism The Age of Mass Politics (1871-1915). Conservatism. Protection of the status quo The Concert of Europe

cachez
Download Presentation

The Age of Mass Politics

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. The Age of Mass Politics 1815-1915

  2. Overview • 1815-1848 • Conservatism • Liberalism • Nationalism • The Revolutions of 1848 • The Age of RealPolitik (1848-1871) • The Rise of Socialism • The Age of Mass Politics (1871-1915)

  3. Conservatism • Protection of the status quo • The Concert of Europe • They were all singing the same tune • First meeting in Vienna 1814 • To settle the questions of territory and politics after Napoleon • France, England, Austria, Russia • Territorial changes that reflected the personal interests of the leaders involved • Other meetings • 1818 The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle • 1819 Protocol of Troppau • 1822 Congress of Verona • Rebellions in the Americas • Europe lost control • The Monroe Doctrine • No more meetings after 1822 • Failed as an international force

  4. Conservatism • Russia • 1825 Alexander I dies suddenly • Young liberal thinkers hoped to see Constantine take the throne • Instead Nicholas I became Tsar • Decembrist Revolt

  5. Conservatism • France (1815-1830) • P.M. Talleyrand suggested Louis XVIII • Old and in poor health; he was unexciting, safe, and legitimate • Signed the Charter • Maintained principles from the revolution • Equality before the law • Religious freedom (Catholicism is state religion) • The Napoleonic Code • Organization of the county by departments • And property rights from the revolution and Napoleonic periods • Only large property owners could vote • Elected a two-house Assembly • France was returned to 1792 borders

  6. Conservatism • France (1815-1830) • 1815: white terror • Napoleon returns for 100 days • Louis flees and returns after Napoleon’s final defeat • Reaction continued • Catholic attacks on Protestants • 1820: Louis nephew was assassinated • More repression • Charles X • Spokesperson for the conservative aristocracy • Reduced interest on public debt • Hurt the middle class who had loaned money to the state • Rumors that he planned to rescind constitutional limits on his authority • Appointed a conservative chief minister • “July Revolution” of 1830

  7. Conservatism • German States (1815-1830) • The German Confederation • German nationalism dominated universities and artistic leaders • Students formed clubs collectively called Burschenschaft • Austria is leading German State • Metternich suspicious; wants to prevent German unity • Actions of the Burschenschaft were very limited; occasional demonstrations or marches; mostly they wrote • 1819 a member of the Burschenschaft murdered and extremely conservative public figure • Carlsbad Decrees • Outlawed the Burschenschaft • Applied censorship throughout the German states • University students and professors would be watched • Teachers were blacklisted

  8. Conservatism • Austria • Metternich • Except for Russia, the Austrian Empire was the most populous European state • Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary each had own language • Other minority languages: Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian, Slovakian and others • Controlled parts of Northern Italy; Vienna is the Capital of the Austrian Empire • Idea of government was of a benevolent ruling house, the Habsburgs, who had no special connection to the people it ruled • Metternich remains in control until 1848

  9. Conservatism • England (1815-1832) • Grain Controversy • Corn Laws • Hurt consumers (kept bread prices high) • Hurt manufacturers (kept wages high) • After 1815 again possible to import grain • New legislation forbade imports unless prices skyrocketed

  10. Conservatism • England (1815-1832) • Bad economic times for laborers; high unemployment • 1819 the Peterloo Massacre • Peaceful demonstration • Local authorities overreacted • Killed 11 and wounded about 400 • New laws passed restricting public meetings • Representation in Parliament • No changes in electoral districts since before the Industrial Revolution • “virtually represented” • Rotten boroughs • Pocket boroughs • Only 1 out of every 15 males could vote • Reform Bill of 1832

  11. Liberalism • Characteristics • Product of the Enlightenment • Liberal-minded people, members of upper middle class, often professionals • Believed in constitutions and representative government • Protection of human rights (freedom of expression and religion and equality before the law)

  12. Liberalism • Characteristics • Not democrats • Did not trust the masses • Did not favor universal male suffrage • Strongly opposed to revolution • Did not promote voting rights for women • Preferred laissez-faire economics and disapproved of unions • Government should stay out of business except to protect private property and maintain an atmosphere conducive to manufacturing and trade

  13. Liberalism • Characteristics • Secular world view • Rejected church teachings • Distrust of the military • Change should come through legislation • Trusted science and education, human improvement and progress

  14. Liberalism • England • Reform Bill of 1832 • Doubled the number of men who could vote • Did eliminate some smaller boroughs and seats reallocated to the new industrial centers • 1838 Anti-Corn Law League • 1845 Irish Potato famine • Tory Prime Minister Robert Peel • Believed that without reform there would be rebellion • Reform led to Peel fall from office • Irish peasants did not really benefit from reform because of British landlords • Crop failures in 1848 and 1851 resulted in mass Irish migration (mostly to U.S.) • Repeal did prove the ability of the British gov’t to compromise • Also committed England to international economic system depending on foreign trade

  15. Liberalism • France: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 • Charles X dismisses Chamber of Deputies and calls for new elections • Liberals won • Charles issues four July Ordinances • First dissolved the newly elected Chamber before it met • Second censored the press • Third greatly reduced the franchise that excluded upper middle class • Fourth called for new elections based on the revised franchise • Mobs took to the street setting up barricades and flying the tricolor flag of the revolution • King’s soldiers were targets and refused to support the king • Charles abdicated and fled to England

  16. Liberalism • France: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 • July Monarchy • On recommendation of Marquis de Lafayette, France replaced Charles with his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans • Careful to play down “royal image” • Dressed in a business suit and carried an umbrella • Ruled for 18 years until 1848 • Louis was conservative even though the government maintained an appearance of liberalism • Wanted support of upper bourgeoisie, catered to them • Reformers and democrats were disappointed • 1840: Egypt incident • French workers demanded voting rights

  17. Liberalism • France: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 • February 1848 • Workers rally: electoral reform • Premier Francois Guizot forbid the rally • People still gathered and the army refused to disperse the crowd • King dismissed Guizot, but army still fired on the crowd killing about 40 people • Street fighting resulted • Louis Philippe abdicated • Chamber of Deputies sets up provisional government • Made up of republicans and one socialist: Louis Blanc

  18. Liberalism • France: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 • Actions of the provisional gov’t • Universal male suffrage • End of slavery in the colonies • Abolition of the death penalty • Country divided politically • Orleanists • Legitimists • Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon • Republicans also divided • Socialists: followers of Louis Blanc demanded gov’t help to provide jobs

  19. Liberalism • France: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 • Provisional Government • Opened National workshops • Agreed to 10-hour workday • Held elections in April 1848 • Conservatives were big winners • Rural peasant vote: anti-liberal, anti-workshops, and anti-taxes • Violence escalated • Provisional gov’t closed workshops • Bloody June Days • General Cavaignac • Provisional government drafts new constitution • Presidential elections scheduled before it was finished • Louis Napoleon Bonaparte won by huge majority

  20. Nationalism • Greece • Movement led by Ypsilanti in 1821 failed • Western romantic writers took up the cause • Turks continued to alienate the West • Island massacre • Executed the Christian leader ofConstantinople • Treaty of London 1827 • England, France, and Russia support Greek independence • Threatened Turkey with military action • Sent a naval forced that destroyedthe Turkish fleet • Greek independence in 1832

  21. Nationalism • Belgium • Kingdom of the Netherlands • Constitutional monarchy, ruled by House of Orange (same as England) • Economically successful • Unpopular politically • Dutch king was absolutist, Belgians were virtually independent • Belgians were Catholic; Dutch were Calvinists • Belgians spoke French or Flemish; resented being forced to use Dutch as official language

  22. Nationalism • Belgium • 1830 Belgian leaders asked for self-government • Dutch response militant, but eventually withdrew • Belgium proclaimed independence and began to draft constitution • Belgium became a perpetually neutral country • Defended by Britain and France • Constitutional monarchy, two-house parliament elected by 1 out of every 30 males

  23. Nationalism • Germany: Philosophies and Revolution • Ideas of the Philosophy of the History of Mankind • J.G. Herder • German ways are different from others • Volkgeist: spirit of the people • Romantic idea • Emphasized genius and intuition over reason • Stressed differences rather than similarities • German customs and traditions must be kept pure • Opposite of Enlightenment ideas; certain truths are universal

  24. Nationalism • Germany: Philosophies and Revolution • Other German writers urged unity based on language, history, and folk traditions • The Brothers Grimm • G.W.F. Hegel • Reality is a process of endless change; dialectic • Tendency of the human mind to proceed through reaction of opposites • Thesis, antithesis, synthesis • Leopold von Ranke • Mission to create a purely German state • Friedrich List • For a nation to develop its own culture it must have cities, factories, and capital of its own; tariffs to protect new industries

  25. Nationalism • Germany: Philosophies and Revolution • King of Prussia, Frederick William IV • 1848 promised a constitution • The Frankfurt Assembly • Debated the question of German unity • Problems • Small states treasured independence • No one wanted Austria or Prussia to dominate minor states • Junkers: East Prussian • Contempt for the rest of Germany • Considered by central and western states as backward • Not actually backward • Popularly elected parliament • Zollverein (free tax union)

  26. Nationalism • Germany: Philosophies and Revolution • Berlin Assembly • Different from Frankfurt Assembly • All Prussian affair • Liberal • Weakness of the Frankfurt Assembly • No aspect of national unity • Professional people: lawyers and gov’t officials, Catholic clergy, and businessmen • No connection with the masses • Schleswig and Holstein • German states at the base of Denmark • Denmark attempted to annex Schleswig; Frankfurt had to as Prussia for help in defending Germans

  27. Nationalism • Germany: Philosophies and Revolution • Frankfurt central question: how to define Germany? • “big” or “little” Germany • Two important docs • Declaration of the Rights of the German People • Emphasized individual rights (freedom of religion, press, and assembly) • Emphasized “German” rights (not human rights) • German Constitution that excluded Austria • Failed to create unification

  28. Nationalism • Italy: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 • Congress of Vienna solidified patchwork region • Emerging nationalistic groups.

  29. Nationalism • Italy: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 • Resorgimento • A resurgence of Italian spirit or identity • Carbonari: secret society of Italian nationalists • Guiseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) Italian nationalist • Fought for liberal and romantic reasons • Founded new organization - Young Italy • focused on revolution and spreading brotherhood of free peoples • felt revolt must come from below • attempted revolutions 1834––36, 1844; all failed • 1848–– two outbursts of nationalism • Piedmont-Sardinia tried to take advantage of Austria’s vulnerability and enlarge its holdings in northern Italy • Many patriots joined the cause • Rome • Assassination of high church official • Pope flees Rome and radicals declare a new government with Mazzini as one of three rulers • Both efforts are defeated

  30. Nationalism • Austrian Empire • Violence in Vienna––Metternich’s flight • Italian rebellion • Magyar revolt––led by Kossuth • Pan-Slav meeting in Prague • Jellachich and Serb-Croation army against Magyars • Abdication of Ferdinand––Francis Joseph • Russian Army to restore order in Hungary

More Related