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Origin of Man and the Races

Origin of Man and the Races. Richard Deem, M.S. Reasons To Believe. General Outline. mtDNA Mitochondrial DNA – A small piece of DNA that codes for a small number of proteins within the energy-producing sub-cellular organelle known as the mitochondrion. Biblical data and scientific data

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Origin of Man and the Races

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  1. Origin of Man and the Races Richard Deem, M.S. Reasons To Believe

  2. General Outline mtDNA Mitochondrial DNA – A small piece of DNA that codes for a small number of proteins within the energy-producing sub-cellular organelle known as the mitochondrion • Biblical data and scientific data • Origin of man • Molecular and genetic data – mtDNA and Y chromosome • Neandertals and humans • Bipedal primates and chimps • Origin of the races

  3. Why All the Biology? And to the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might win Jews; to those who are under the Law, as under the Law, though not being myself under the Law, that I might win those who are under the Law; to those who are without law, as without law, though not being without the law of God but under the law of Christ, that I might win those who are without law. To the weak I became weak, that I might win the weak; I have become all things to all men, that I may by all means save some. (1Corinthians 9:20-22)

  4. African Humans European Humans Asian Humans H. antecessor H. ergaster Origin of Man Classic Hypothesis Neandertals

  5. Origins of Mammals • Soulish (nephesh) creatures created on days 5 and 6 Nephesh The Hebrew word most often translated “soul,” referring to both man and animals, including mind, will, and emotion • Creation of specific mammals (cattle, rodents, and carnivores) described for day 6. • Though not specifically mentioned, probably included the creation of bipedal primates

  6. Origin of Man – Biblical Data Genesis 1:26 Then God said, “Let us make(asa) man in our image, in our likeness…

  7. Origin of Man – Biblical Data Genesis 1:27 So God created(bara) man in his own image, in the image of God he created(bara) him: male and female he created(bara) them.

  8. Origin of Man – Biblical Data Genesis 2:7 Then the LORD God formed (yatsar) man of dust from the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living being. (Genesis 2:7)

  9. Man – Part New, Part Old • Bara – created new, probably refers to the spiritual qualities, self-awareness, moral understanding • Asa, yatsar – made or formed from pre-existing material, probably refers to body and soul

  10. And the name of the third river is Tigris; it flows east of Assyria. And the fourth river is the Euphrates. Biblical Data – Garden of Eden Genesis 2:10, 14 Now a river flowed out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it divided and became four rivers.

  11. Origin of Man – Biblical Data • Adequate, but incomplete genealogies • Ben and yalad • ~10,000 - 50,000 years ago Dating human origins:

  12. Incomplete Genealogies

  13. Incomplete Genealogies

  14. Direct Descent? • ben – son, grandson, etc. • yalad – father, grandfather Harris, R.L., G.L. Archer, and B.K. Wilke. 1980. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, Vol. 1. Moody Press, Chicago, IL, pp. 5-6, 113-114.

  15. Direct Descent?

  16. How Many Generations? • Deuteronomy 7:9 • 1 Chronicles 16:15 • Psalms 105:8 1,000 gen x 40 yr/gen = 40,000 yr He has remembered His covenant forever, The word which He commanded to a thousand generations, (Psalms 105:8)

  17. Scientific Predictionsfor theOrigin of Humans Creation Model

  18. Scientific Predictions • Anatomical – basic body plan • Physiological – the way the body works • Biochemical – the chemical pathways and machines that underlie everything Similarities with Other Animals

  19. Scientific Predictions Sudden appearance… • Human fossils • Human culture • Spiritual activity

  20. Scientific Predictions Origin of man: • Traceable to a single man and a single woman • Recent origin

  21. Scientific Predictions • All males directly related to Noah • All females directly related to Eve  Females should be more genetically diverse Origin of man:

  22. Scientific Data for Human Origins

  23. Molecular Anthropology • Similarities and differences • Extent of differences Compare DNA sequences among modern human groups

  24. Molecular Anthropology Gives • Date of humanity’s origin • Original population size

  25. Molecular Anthropology Gives • Pattern for humanity’s spread • Geographic location of humanity’s origin

  26. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Male sperm contribute only genetic material and no cellular organelles. Therefore, all mtDNA comes from the egg, being passed down exclusively by females. Genetic Diversity Y chromosome A small chromosome that determines the sex of an individual. Embryos that posses a Y chromosome become male. Therefore, the genetic information on the Y chromosome is passed down only by males. Evidence Linkage disequilibrium The non-random association of alleles at different loci (or regions within DNA sequences), not expected from the law of independent assortment. Microsatellites Microsatellites" are loci where short sequences of DNA are repeated in tandem arrays (one right after the other). • Mitochondrial DNA • Y chromosomal DNA • Linkage disequilibrium • Microsatellites

  27. Genetic Diversity • Humanity had a recent origin • African origin • Small population that rapidly expanded recently

  28. Human Chromosome 21Diversity Haplotype A combination of alleles (alternate forms of the same gene) of closely linked loci that are found in a single chromosome and tend to be inherited together • Three haplotypes describe 80% of human population • Far fewer haplotypes than expected

  29. Mitochondrial DNA • Humanity originated less than 150,000 ya • Small population of women • Single location (Africa)

  30. Y Chromosome Mapping Testis Determining Factor (TDF) Channel Surfing (SRF) Addiction to death and destruction movies (T-2) The need to always be right (TLD-U) Spitting and hacking (P2E) Inability to express affection (ME-2) Finding humor in bodily noises (BLCH) Inability to put toilet seat down (BIDET) Selective hearing loss (MUM) Inability to ask directions (LST) Ability to write name with urine (CMeP)

  31. Y Chromosome Data CI (Confidence Interval) A statistical measure of the certainty of a value. 95% CI means that there is a 95% probability that the result lies between the CI values.

  32. Male vs. Female Divergence Whitfield, L.S., J.E. Suston, and P.N. Goodfellow. 1995. Sequence variation of the human Y chromosome. Nature 378: 379-380.

  33. Y Chromosome Summary • Humanity originated less than 50,000 ya • Small population of men • Single location (Africa)

  34. Linkage Disequilibrium • Humanity originated less than 50,000 ya

  35. Origin of the Malaria Parasite • Originated less than 120,000 ya • Resistance alleles appeared 3,000-12,000 ya

  36. Homo Australopithecines Scientific Data Sudden appearance of modern humans in the fossil record 1500 1000 Cranial Capacity (cc) 500 0 1 2 3 Time (MYA)

  37. Scientific Data • Sophisticated tool kit • Socioeconomic organization • Art work • Spiritual expression Sudden appearance of human culture:

  38. Sophisticated Tool Kit • A shift from predominantly “rake” to “blade” stone tool technology • Increased variety and complexity of stone tools involving a higher degree of “imposed form” • Complex and extensively shaped bone, antler, and ivory artifacts • Increased regional diversification of tool forms

  39. Socioeconomic Organization • Specialized patterns of animal exploitation, based on systematic hunting • A sharp increase in the overall density of human population • An increase in the maximum size of local residential groups • Appearance of highly “structured” sites, including hearths, pits, huts, tents, and other habitations

  40. Appearance of Modern Art

  41. Body Ornaments • Dated at 40,000 years ago • No food value • Unusual designs and color

  42. Spiritual Expression • Religious relics and altars date to 24,000 ya • Artwork containing spiritual content dates to 5,000 ya

  43. Deleterious Mutations "The deleterious mutation rate appears to be so high in humans and our close relatives that it is doubtful that such species, which have low reproductive rates, could survive if mutational effects on fitness were to combine in a multiplicative way." Eyre-Walker, A. & Keightley, P. D. 1999. High genomic deleterious mutation rates in hominids. Nature 397, 344-347.

  44. Evidence Against the Design of Humans? • Pseudogenes present in great apes and humans Pseudogenes Regions of non-coding DNA (DNA that does not code for functional protein) that have been apparently duplicated from functional genes. • Beta globin • Enolase • Vitamin C • Assumes that God would never reuse previous designs

  45. Summary - Scientific Data • Humans originated from a small population of males and females • Recent origin of modern humans • ~ 50,000 years ago • Humans originated suddenly and dramatically

  46. European Humans Asian Humans ? Neandertals ? H. Antecessor ? H. ergaster Origin of Man “Out-of-Africa” Hypothesis African Humans

  47. Who were the Neandertals?

  48. Who Were the Neandertals? • Lived ~150,000 to ~30,000 years ago • Inhabited Europe and western Asia

  49. Who Were the Neandertals? • Bipedal Physical similarities with modern humans Bipedal (bipedalism) Ability to walk upright on two legs. • Large brain capacity

  50. Neandertal Neandertal Modern Human Modern Human Occipital bun Retromolar gap Physical Differences Between Neandertals and Humans Brain shape Receding forehead Brow ridge Large eye sockets Large front teeth Chin receding

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