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MCB100 Introductory Microbiology January 25, 2019

MCB100 Introductory Microbiology January 25, 2019 Chemistry of Microorganisms – Organic Compounds. Inorganic Compounds and Ions That You Should Know Water H 2 O Sodium Chloride NaCl (aka: table salt) Na + Cl -

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MCB100 Introductory Microbiology January 25, 2019

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  1. MCB100 Introductory Microbiology January 25, 2019 Chemistry of Microorganisms – Organic Compounds

  2. Inorganic Compounds and Ions That You Should KnowWater H2OSodium Chloride NaCl (aka: table salt) Na+ Cl-   Sodium Hydroxide NaOH (aka: lye) Na+ OH- Hydrochloric acid HCl H+ Cl-   Ammonia NH3   Ammonium Hydroxide NH4OH NH4+ OH- Potassium Nitrate KNO3 (aka: saltpetre) K+ NO3- Sodium Nitrite NaNO2 Na+ NO2- Hydrogen Sulfide H2S (aka: rotten egg gas) Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 2 H+ SO4-2 (sulfate)   Sodium Sulfate Na2SO4 2Na+ SO4-2 Iron Fe Ferrous Chloride FeCl2 (aka: Iron II Chloride) Fe2+ 2 Cl- Ferric Chloride FeCl3 (aka: Iron III Chloride) Fe3+ 3Cl-

  3. Properties of Living Matter - Living matter contains carbon. - The atoms in an organic molecule are held together by covalent bonds. - Living organisms are mostly made of about 20 different elements. - These six elements make up most of the mass of organic compounds: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Sulfur C H O N P S - These six elements can form covalent bonds. - The proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates that form living matter are large complicated molecules. (AKA: Biological Macromolecules) - There are several thousand different types of proteins found in a typical cell. - Biological macromolecules stick to each other in very specific ways due to noncovalent attractions. This produces a higher level of order. Enzyme subunits can stick to each other and work together. Regulatory proteins can bind to specific DNA sequences. Ribosomal subunits stick together. - However, a cell is more than a mixture of molecules, it is an organized system.

  4. Twelve elements that are common in living matter Valence Bond Element Symbol Electrons Number Bond Type Carbon C 4 4 covalent Hydrogen H 1 1 covalent (ionic, cation) Oxygen O 6 2 covalent Nitrogen N 5 3 covalent Phosphorous P 5 3 or 5 covalent Sulfur S 6 2 or 6 covalent Chlorine Cl 7 1 ionic, anion Sodium Na 1 1 ionic, cation Potassium K 1 1 ionic, cation Calcium Ca 2 2 ionic, cation Magnesium Mg 2 2 ionic, cation Iron Fe 2 2 or 3 ionic, cation

  5. Compounds made of atoms that are held together by ionic bonds tend to be simple. Compound Formula # of atoms F.W. Sodium Chloride NaCl 2 58.5 Calcium Bromide CaBr2 3 199.9 Potassium Iodide KI 2 166.0 Compounds made of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds can be very large and complex. CompoundFormula # of atomsF.W. Ethyl Alcohol C2H6O 9 46 Glucose C6H12O6 24 180 Lactose C12H22O11 45 342 Alanine C3H7O2N 13 89 Tryptophan C11H12O2N2 27 204 typical protein 300 amino acids 5000 40,000 ATP C10H14O13N5P3 45 505 small plasmid 5000 nucleotide base pairs 3,300,000 human chromosome 100 million base pairs 66,000,000,000

  6. Elemental Composition of an Escherichia coli cell Element% Dry Weight Carbon 50 Oxygen 20 Nitrogen 14 Hydrogen 8 Phosphorous 3 Sulfur 1 Potassium 1 Sodium 1 Calcium 0.5 Magnesium 0.5 Chloride 0.5 Iron 0.2 other minerals: 0.3 (manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum,cobalt) Escherichia coli cells

  7. The Basis of Organic Functional Groups

  8. Simple Alkanes hydrocarbon: composed of just carbon and hydrogen saturated hydrocarbon: all C-C bonds are single bonds

  9. methane ethane ammonia

  10. Organic Functional Groups Which one of the organic compounds depicted below is an alcohol? . .

  11. Organic Functional Groups Which one of the organic compounds depicted below is an alcohol? alcohol hydroxyl group R-OH .

  12. Organic Functional Groups Which one of the organic compounds depicted below is a ketone? . .

  13. Organic Functional Groups Which one of the organic compounds depicted below is a ketone? ketone internal carbonyl C=O . .

  14. Organic Functional Groups Which one of the organic compounds depicted below is a ketone? ketone carboxylic propyl- hydroxyl aldehyde internal acid (alkyl) (alcohols) terminal carbonyl  (hydrophobic) carbonyl carbonyl .

  15. Polar Covalent Bonds vs. Non-polar Covalent Bonds A non-polar covalent bond forms when two atoms share a pair of electrons equally. Both atoms end up with no net charge. If two atoms share a pair of electrons unequally, one ends up with a slight negative charge while the other has a slight positive charge. This is a polar bond. The factor that determines if a pair of electrons will be shared equally or unequally is the electronegativity of the atoms that participate in the chemical bond. Electronegativity is a measure of the affinity of an atom for valence electrons.

  16. Electronegativity of The Most Common Elements Found in Biological Molecules H C N O P S 2.1 2.5 3.0 3.5 2.1 2.5 Examples: Non-Polar Covalent BondsPolar Covalent Bonds H H / / H – H H – C – H H – O H – N \ \ \ H H H

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