1 / 57

9/6/2011

9/6/2011. When discussing Anatomy & Physiology, it is important to “start small and work your way up”. Molecular and Cellular levels are first, what do you think are the next 3 levels based on that concept?. Chapter 6. Anatomy and Physiology.

Download Presentation

9/6/2011

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. 9/6/2011 • When discussing Anatomy & Physiology, it is important to “start small and work your way up”. Molecular and Cellular levels are first, what do you think are the next 3 levels based on that concept?

  2. Chapter 6 Anatomy and Physiology

  3. Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to: • Define elements of the human body • Understand directional terms and body planes • Identify organs of all body systems • Compare diseases and disorders related to the body systems

  4. What is the smallest element in the body? • The CELL! • Varies in size, shape, and function • They need food, water, and oxygen • Basic structures: • Cell membrane- outer covering, holds substance inside and maintains shape • Nucleus- central portion of each cell. Directs cell’s activities and contains chromosomes (bearers of genes) which are made up of DNA • Genes carry inherited traits (eye/hair color, height, diseases and gender) • All cells have a nucleus except red blood cells (RBC)= enucleated • Cytoplasm surrounds nucleus and performs work (reproduction and movement)

  5. Cell Types • All cell types are different • Their shape / function change to fit specific needs • Nerve Cells: have long, thin extensions that transmit nerve impulses over a distance • Epithelial Cells: thin, flat, and tightly packed to form protective layer over underlying cells • Muscle Cells: slender rods that attach at the ends of structures that they move

  6. Tissues • (Groups of cells that work together to perform the same task) • There are 4 types • Connective Tissue: holds body parts together and connects them such as bones, ligaments, tendons • Epithelial Tissue: covers internal and external body surfaces (skin, linings of internal organs) • Muscle Tissue: expands and contracts to allow for bodily movement • Nervous Tissue: carries messages from all parts of the body to and from the brain and spinal cord

  7. 9/7/11 • What does anatomy and physiology mean to you? What do you think you will gain from this chapter?

  8. Organs • Groups of tissue that work together to perform a specific function • Ex: Kidneys, which maintain water and salt balance in the blood • Ex: Stomach, which breaks down food into substances that the circulatory system can transport throughout the body as nourishment for its cells

  9. Systems • Groups of organs working together to perform one of the body’s major functions • Systems have separate/distinct functions but rely on one another to perform their tasks • Respiratory: consists of lungs & airways. • Performs respiration, process which supplies the body with a constant supply of oxygen • Cardiovascular: consists of heart & blood vessels • Pumps and transports blood throughout the body

  10. Systems Cont… • Skeletal: consists of bones. • supports & protects the body and is the body’s framework. Without bones, we would be a shapeless mass • Muscular: consists of muscles and cartilage • Provides bodily movement • Nervous: consists of brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves • Regulates most body activities and sends/receives messages from sensory organs

  11. Systems Cont… • Endocrine: consists of the glands • Secretes hormones for the regulation of many of the body’s activities • Sensory: consists of the eyes, ears, and parts of other systems • Related to the 5 senses • Digestive: consists of all organs of digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste • Necessary for normal intake of food/water

  12. Systems Cont… • Urinary: consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra • Eliminates metabolic waste, helps to maintain acid-base and water-salt balance, helps regulate blood pressure • Integumentary: consists of skin, and accessory structures which are hair, nails, sweat glands, & oil glands • Skin is largest organ and serves to cover and protect our body

  13. Systems Cont… • Lymphatic and immune: consist of the lymph, glands of the lymphatic system, lymphatic vessels, and nonspecific and specific defenses of the immune system • Help protect the body from infection and disease • Reproductive: female consists of the ovaries, vagina, fallopian tubes, uterus, and mammary glands/breasts. Male consists of testes, penis, prostate gland, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles • Controls reproduction and heredity

  14. September 8, 2011 • What is more important? That a health care professional that works with children be knowledgeable about anatomy and physiology or one who works with adults? Why?

  15. Agenda • 6 Senses Article • Body Systems Review • Body Systems Activity • Body Systems Video

  16. Q.O.D. - 9/9/11 • Without using your notes/textbook…name at least one fact about “your body system”(the one you researched yesterday). • Don’t just say “bones are in the skeletal system”. • http://www.usmagazine.com/stylebeauty/news/model-agency-ali-lohan-has-not-had-any-surgery-201189

  17. Body Systems Group Work • Museum Activity

  18. Video! • http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=FACE688E-E1F3-4156-9865-55837EF38042&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

  19. 9/12/2011 • How does anatomy relate to the profession you think you may be interested in? How will it help you?

  20. Body Cavities • There are 2 main cavities • Dorsal Cavity: on the back side of the body. • Is divided into the cranial cavity which holds the brain and the spinal cavity which holds the spinal cord • Ventral Cavity: on front side of body • Is separated into 2 parts by a muscle called the diaphragm. • Above diaphragm is the thoracic cavity which holds heart, lungs, major blood vessels • Below diaphragm is the abdominal cavity which holds the organs of the digestive and urinary systems • Bottom portion of abdominal cavity is pelvic cavity which holds the reproductive system

  21. Directional Terms • Deep: through the surface (deep cut) • Superficial: on or near the surface (scratch) • Proximal: near point of attachment to trunk (proximal end of thighbone joins hipbone) • Distal: away from the point of attachment to the trunk (distal end of thighbone joins the knee bone) • Supine: lying on one’s spine facing upward • Prone: lying on one’s stomach facing downward

  22. Planes of the body • 3 imaginary planes divide the body and cut through the body in different sections • Sagittal plane: divides the body into 2 parts, right and left (equally: the midsagittal plane) • Frontal or coronal plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior • Transverse plane: divides body horizontally into a top, or superior part, and a bottom, or inferior part. Transverse Plane

  23. Regions of the Abdominal Cavity • Large cavity divided into 9 regions to describe the location of organs, injuries, or pain • Epigastric Region: The area above the stomach • Hypochondriac Regions (left/right): 2 regions just below ribs, immediately over the abdomen • Umbilical Region: region surrounding the umbilicus (navel)

  24. Regions of the Abdominal Cavity Cont….. Pg. 177 • Lumbar regions (left/right): 2 regions near the waist • Hypogastric Region: area just below the umbilical region • Iliac, or inguinal regions (left/right): 2 regions near the upper portion of the hipbone

  25. It gets EASIER! • There is a simpler way using 4 quadrants • Right upper quadrant (RUQ): On right anterior side, contains part of liver, the gallbladder, and parts of the pancreas and intestinal tract • Right lower quadrant (RLQ): On right anterior side, contains appendix, parts of intestines, reproductive organs in female, and urinary tract

  26. The last 2 quadrants….. • Left upper quadrant (LUQ): On left anterior side, contains stomach, spleen, parts of liver, pancreas, and intestines • Left lower quadrant (LLQ): On left anterior side, contains parts of intestines, reproductive organs in female, and urinary tract

  27. 9/14/2011 • If you had to live the remainder of your life without 2 body systems, what would they be and why?

  28. What is vital for life? • Our cells need oxygen to live, respiratory system supplies oxygen, cardiovascular system carries the oxygen through the blood to cells • Always check for open airway/breathing when treating anyone (esp. emergency) • Next check for circulation (i.e. cardiovascular system) • Respiratory and cardiovascular systems are VITAL FOR LIFE!! (most responsible for keeping us alive!)

  29. Respiratory System • Consist of: • Lungs- main organ of system • Provides oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide • Outside of lungs is a moist, double layer of membrane called the “pleura”/ “pleurae” • Outer layer of membrane: Parietal pleura • Inner layer of membrane: Visceral pleura • Both layers make lung movement easier by protecting lungs and providing moisture • Space between the 2 pleura: pleural cavity

  30. Respiratory cont….. • Right lung (larger lung) has 3 lobes • Left lung has 2 lobes • We can live without one or more lobes (even without an entire lung) • Respiratory Tract: system of passageways through which air moves in and out of the lungs • Muscles: that move air in/out of lungs • The system performs 2 major tasks: • External respiration (breathing) air exchange between body and outside environment • Internal respiration: bringing oxygen to cells /removing carbon dioxide from cells

  31. External Respiration • Inspiration, or inhalation, brings air into the mouth or nose. • Nose is divided into 2 nasal cavities by a piece of cartilage (nasal septum) • Air passes through cavities and sinuses, gets warmed by blood in mucous membranes. • Small hairs (cilia) filter out foreign bodies

  32. Ex. Resp (The Throat) • Air reaches the throat, or pharynx, a passageway for both air and food that is divided into 3 sections • 1. Nasopharynx: lies above soft palate which is a flexible muscular sheet that separates nasopharynx from rest of pharynx • Contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) which aid in body’s immune defense

  33. Ex. Resp (The Throat) • 2. Oropharynx, back portion of mouth, contains the palatine tonsils • Made up of lymphatic tissue (immune system) • Part of mechanism that triggers swallowing • 3. Laryngopharynx, bottom section of pharynx • Point where respiratory tract divides into the esophagus and larynx.

  34. External Respiration cont…. • Esophagus • - passageway for food (digestive system) • - Epiglottis (movable flap of cartilage covering larynx opening, glottis) prevents food from going into the larynx • Aspiration: swallowing & inhaling simultaneously pulling food into larynx • Could cause choking and need Heimlich • Larynx (voice box)

  35. External Respiration cont… • Larynx, or voice box, is place from which air passes to the trachea or windpipe. • Air goes into larynx to form sounds of speech and singing • Contains vocal chords (size/thickness determine pitch) • Trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that connects larynx to right & left bronchi (both contain cartilage and mucous glands) • Bronchi are passageways through which air enters both lungs (get smaller as they branch out, smallest are bronchioles

  36. Q.O.D. -- 9/15/11 • List as many (H.S.L.) activities as you can that require you to use your respiratory system.

  37. Today • Video –Respiratory System • Review • List the 3 sections of the throat • The esophagus does…? • The larynx does …? • The epiglottis is used for…?

  38. More info…Your questions, answered! • Brain Freeze! • Snoring • Sinusitus • Tonsils • Tonsil Stones

  39. Internal Respiration • Structures inside lungs resemble upside-down trees with smaller branches • At end of bronchiole is a cluster of air sacs, alveoli • Alveoli: one-celled, thin-walled and connect to small blood vessels/capillaries in lungs • Oxygen is exchanged from alveoli into bloodstream via capillaries • Carbon dioxide is sent from capillaries into alveoli • Oxygen then goes to body’s cells

  40. Internal Respiration cont • Muscles for breathing: Diaphragm & Intercostal Muscles • Muscular contractions enlarge the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration and decrease volume when they relax during expiration • Diaphragm lowers and intercostals pull ribs upward and outward when they contract to enlarge thoracic cavity

  41. Diseases/disorders of respiratory system • Respiratory system is site of many inflammations, disorders, and infections • Bronchitis, Asthma, Emphysema, Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) • Hemoptysis (coughing up blood), Lung Cancer, Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), Epistaxis (nosebleeds), Pneumonia • Tuberculosis, Anthracosis (black lung), Pleurisy, Influenza, and many breathing disorders

  42. Cardiovascular System • Responsible for circulation of blood • Heart: average adult’s is size of fist and lies in thoracic cavity between lungs (2/3 lies on left side) • Pericardium: is a protective sac covering heart and has 2 layers (visceral/inner layer and parietal/outer portion) • Heart has 3 layers of tissue. Outer most is epicardium, middle layer is myocardium, inner layer is endocardium which forms lining for chambers and valves of heart

  43. Cardiovascular System cont • Parts of the heart – right and left sides, each side has 2 chambers (upper chambers are atriums, lower chambers are ventricles) • R & L sides are separated by a partition called a septum

  44. Cardiovascular System cont • Blood Flow: flows in only one direction through the chambers of the heart with flow regulated by valves • Arteries carry blood away from heart and veins carry blood toward the heart • Valves of Heart: control blood flow, left valve between chambers is the bicuspid, right valve is tricuspid • Cardiac Conduction System: contained in conductive tissue and controls the electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract

  45. Q.O.D – 9/16/11 • What do you do to keep your heart “healthy”? • http://rivals.yahoo.com/highschool/blog/prep_rally/post/Star-QB-has-to-have-part-of-leg-amputated-follow?urn=highschool-wp5827 • Quiz

  46. Heart Rate • Relaxation / Mediation • Target Heart Rate Zone • Importance of Target Heart Rate Zone (Homework)

More Related