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Network Interface Card

Network Interface Card. (NIC). Physical Network Architectures. Ethernet (most popular) Token ring FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) Wireless LAN technology. Network Interface Card (NIC).

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Network Interface Card

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  1. Network Interface Card (NIC)

  2. Physical Network Architectures • Ethernet (most popular) • Token ring • FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) • Wireless LAN technology

  3. Network Interface Card (NIC) • A network adapter board that plugs into a computer’s system board and provides a port on the back of the card to connect a PC to a network

  4. A NIC (network interface controller)

  5. Installation of an expansion card is easy, just plug it in.

  6. Expansion cards are added to a laptop by means of a PCMCIA ( Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) slot.

  7. Network Card

  8. How NICs Work • Network in use is transparent to applications software using it • Network card • Sends and receives data to and from system bus in parallel • Sends and receives data to and from network in series • Uses a transceiver for signal conversion • Network nodes are identified by a MAC (Media Access Control) address

  9. Connecting a PC to a Network • Requirements • NIC • Network cable (patch cable) • Device for PC to connect to (eg, hub) • How NICs work and how to install them • How to set up a network protocol • Using bridges and switches to divide a network into segments for improved performance

  10. How NICs Work • Plug into motherboard expansion slot • Provide port(s) on back of card for connection to network • Manage communication and hardware network protocol for the PC

  11. Network Card Communication

  12. Combo Card

  13. Considerations when Selecting a Network Card • Type of network you are attaching to • Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, or a proprietary network standard • Type of media you are using • Shielded twisted-pair, coaxial, or fiber-optic cable • Network Speed • 100Mbps, 10/100 Mbps • Type of I/O bus you are attaching the card to • PCI or ISA

  14. MAC address MAC addresses are sometimes referred to as burned-in addresses (BIAs) because they are burned into read-only memory (ROM) and are copied into random-access memory (RAM) when the NIC initializes. 0000.0c12.3456 or 00-00-0c-12-34-56.

  15. MAC address format The remaining six hexadecimal digits comprise the interface serial number. The first six hexadecimal digits, which are administered by the IEEE, identify the manufacturer or vendor.

  16. Using MAC addresses Data Data Data Data A A A A D D D D Destination Address Source Address

  17. Ethernet • Most popular network topology • Configured as either a bus or a star • A passive network (the computers, not dedicated network devices, drive the signals over the network) • Contention-based system (each computer contends for the opportunity to transmit on the network)

  18. Ethernet

  19. Ethernet • Uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) • Carrier sense • Computer must sense that network is free to handle its transmission before initiating a signal • Multiple access • Many computers use the same network • Collision detection • Each computer must detect and manage collisions

  20. Network Architecture Terminology • Network adapter • Most often an expansion card called a network interface card (NIC) • Must match type and speed of physical network in use • Network port must match type of connectors used on the network • Network protocols • Hardware protocols (eg, Ethernet, Token Ring) • OS protocols (eg, NetBEUI, TCP/IP) continued…

  21. Ethernet Variations, Distinguished by Speed • 10-Mbps Ethernet • Uses either shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable, unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable, or coaxial cable • 100-Mbps Ethernet or Fast Ethernet • Uses UTP or STP cable • 100BaseFX uses fiber-optic cable (single-mode, multi-mode, and plastic) • 1000-Mbps Ethernet of Gigabit Ethernet • Uses twisted-pair and fiber-optic cable

  22. Cable Types Used with Ethernet continued…

  23. Cable Types Used with Ethernet

  24. Ethernet Topology • Bus topology • Connects each node in a line • Does not have a centralized point of connection • Star topology • Connects all nodes to a centralized hub • More popular

  25. Ethernet Topology: Bus or Star

  26. Ethernet Using Star Topology

  27. Ethernet Hub

  28. Ethernet UsingStar Bus Topology

  29. Ethernet Network • A passive network • Contention-based system • Each computer contends for an opportunity to transmit on the network • Requires collision control

  30. How Ethernet ControlsData Traffic • CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) • CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) • Token method

  31. Token Ring • Physical star; logical ring • Data packet is preceded by a token • Transmits data at 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps • Uses a centralized device called a MAU (Multistation Access Unit)

  32. Token Ring

  33. FDDI • Use a token that travels in a ring • Data frames travel on the ring without the token • Multiple nodes can have data on the ring at the same time • Provides data transfer at 100 Mbps

  34. Wireless LANs (WLANs) • Make connections using wireless NICs • Include antennas or infrared transmission to send and receive signals in places where networking cables are difficult to install • Can be used in combination with a wired LAN • Standards • 1999 IEEE 802.11b (Wi-Fi, AirPort) • Bluetooth • Slower than wired networks • Security is an issue

  35. WLANs

  36. LAN Technologies Ethernet: logical broadcast topology Token Ring: logical token ring topology FDDI: logical token ring topology

  37. A FDDI Network Card

  38. A Token Ring Network Card

  39. An Ethernet Network Card

  40. Installing a Wireless NIC • Use NIC’s configuration software to specify wireless network parameters • State • Current Channel • Current Tx Rate • Throughput, Link Quality, and Signal Strength • Computer must be within acceptable range of an access point or another wireless device that it will communicate with directly • Distance determined by type of technology used

  41. Symptoms of NIC Problems • Cannot make connection to network • Network Neighborhood or My Network Places does not show any other computers on the network • Error message during installation • Device Manager shows yellow exclamation point or red X beside name of NIC • No lights on NIC

  42. Troubleshooting a Network Connection • Check connections in rest of network • Reboot PC and reset network connections • Make sure NIC and its drivers are installed • For TCP/IP network, use ping 127.0.0.1 command to determine whether NIC and IP protocol are working • Check for an IRQ conflict • Check cabling and ports • Confirm most current version of motherboard BIOS

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