1 / 30

Counting sheep: evaluation and treatment of sleep issues in the college-age population

Counting sheep: evaluation and treatment of sleep issues in the college-age population. Amanda Finegold Swain, MD University of Pennsylvania Student Health Service. Learning objectives. Review elements of the normal sleep cycle

donnel
Download Presentation

Counting sheep: evaluation and treatment of sleep issues in the college-age population

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Counting sheep:evaluation and treatment of sleep issues in the college-age population Amanda Finegold Swain, MD University of Pennsylvania Student Health Service

  2. Learning objectives • Review elements of the normal sleep cycle • Identify common reasons for interrupted and/or non-restorative sleep in the college-age population • Discuss consequences of disturbed sleep • Briefly review treatment options • Discuss proper sleep hygiene

  3. We, the (sleepy) people… • An estimated 25-30% of the general adult population, and a comparable percentage of children and adolescents, is affected by decrements in sleep health that are proven contributors to disability, morbidity, and mortality • The contribution of sleep health to living free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death was recently recognized by its inclusion for the first time in Healthy People 2020, a Department of Health and Human Services initiative National Institutes of Health Sleep Disorders Research Plan, November 2011 National Sleep Foundation. Sleep in America polls. http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-america-polls/2005-adult-sleep-habits-and-styles

  4. More statistics • Nearly 70% of high school adolescents sleep less than the recommended 8-9 hours of sleep on school nights despite a physiological need. Short sleep in this age group is associated with suicide risk, obesity, depression and mood problems, low grades, and delinquent behavior.1,2 • Nationwide, 70% of adults report that they obtain insufficient sleep or rest at least once each month, and 11% report insufficient sleep or rest every day of the month.3 1National Sleep Foundation, 2006 Sleep in America Poll, Washington, D.C. [http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-america-polls/2006-teens-and-sleep] 2Centers for Disease Control. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance — United States, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 59:1 3Centers for Disease Control. Perceived Insufficient Rest or Sleep Among Adults—United States, 2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 58:1179.

  5. The Sleep Cycle • Sleep is not just time when you are not awake! • Sleep appears to be “an active process during which the brain is involved in a variety of activities that are as complex as those occurring during wakefulness” Stages and architecture of normal sleep, Mark R. Pressman, PhD, from UpToDate, reviewed last 5/17/2011

  6. NREM • Stage N1 sleep is the transition from wakefulness to sleep • Stage N2, “intermediate” sleep, accounts for 40 to 50 percent of the total sleep time • Stage N3 sleep, “deep sleep”, typically accounts for 20 percent of the total sleep time Stages and architecture of normal sleep, Mark R. Pressman, PhD, from UpToDate, reviewed last 5/17/2011

  7. REM • normally recurs every 90-120 minutes • Makes up 20-25% of sleep time • EEG pattern resembles an active, awake EEG • Inactivity of all voluntary muscles, except the extraocularmuscles, “atonia” Stages and architecture of normal sleep, Mark R. Pressman, PhD, from UpToDate, reviewed last 5/17/2011

  8. Classification system • ICSD-2 lists 8 categories of sleep disorders: • Insomnia • Sleep related breathing disorders • Hypersomnias of central origin • Circadian rhythm sleep disorders • Parasomnias • Sleep related movement disorders (Restless Leg Syndrome) • Isolated symptoms and normal variants • Other sleep disorders • ICSD-2 includes over 70 specific diagnoses within the eight major categories, as well as two appendices for classification of sleep disorders associated with medical or psychiatric disorders. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, International Classification of Sleep Disorders

  9. College health classification system • Insomnia • Sleep cycle disturbance • “Other”: OSA, RLS, parasomnias, hypersomnias • External factors

  10. Insomnia • Difficulty falling and/or staying asleep or non-restorative sleep • Associated with marked distress or significant daytime impairment • Subjective • Acute/chronic/primary/secondary • Not sleep deprivation! MorgenthalerT; Kramer M; Alessi C et al. Practice parameters for the psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: an update. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. SLEEP 2006;29(11):1415-1419.

  11. Insomnia • Impaired daytime function is reported by most patients. The following are among the most common complaints: • Fatigue • Poor attention or concentration* • Social or vocational dysfunction • Mood disturbance • Reduced motivation or energy • Increased errors or accidents • Tension, headache, or gastrointestinal symptoms • Ongoing worry about sleep *can be misdiagnosed as ADD Overview of Insomnia, Bonnet, M et al, UpToDate, reviewed 9/28/12

  12. College health classification system • Insomnia • Sleep cycle disturbance • External factor-related • “Other”: OSA, parasomnias, hypersomnias

  13. Sleep cycle disturbance • Circadian rhythm disorders are characterized by chronic or recurrent sleep disturbance due to misalignment between the environment and an individual's sleep-wake cycle • Examples include shift work, jet lag, advanced and delayed sleep phase disorder • DSPD is particularly common in young people, may not be academically sustainable even if socially acceptable • Associated with concurrent depression approximately 50% of the time International classification of sleep disorders, 2nd ed: Diagnostic and coding manual, American Academy of Sleep Medicine American Sleep Association, www.sleepassociation.org

  14. College health classification system • Insomnia • Sleep cycle disturbance • “Other” – OSA, parasomnias, hypersomnias, RLS • Keep alert for unusual symptoms • External factor-related

  15. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, and Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep. 1991;14(6):541.

  16. External factors • Change in environment • bed, roommate, external noise, lighting, • Frequent changes in routine (weekday vs weekend) • Alcohol use • Drug use (prescription and illicit) • Caffeine • Depression and/or anxiety • Should be part of eval for every student with sleep complaints

  17. Consequences • A number of bodily systems are negatively affected by inadequate sleep: the heart, lungs and kidneys; appetite, metabolism and weight control; immune function and disease resistance; sensitivity to pain; reaction time; mood; and brain function • Poor sleep is a risk factor for depression and substance abuse • Driving sleep deprived=driving while intoxicated

  18. More consequences • Metabolism slows when one’s circadian rhythm and sleep are disrupted • Both adults and children are more likely to be overweight and obese the less they sleep at night • “A sleepy brain appears to not only respond more strongly to junk food, but also has less ability to rein that impulse in”. “How Sleep Loss Adds to Weight Gain”, Anahad O’Connor, New York Times, 8/6/13

  19. Sleep and learning • Dreaming may reactivate and reorganize recently learned material, which would help improve memory and boost performance • Memories seem to become more stable in the brain during the deep stages of sleep (REM) • The brain is less effective at absorbing new information without sleep

  20. Sleep and mood disorders • Mood disorders are found in one-third to one-half of patients with chronic sleep problems • Insomnia is part of the diagnostic criteria for anxiety, depression, PTSD • Poor sleep associated with increased risk of depression and suicidality, and poor impulse control • Two-way street/chicken and egg issue

  21. Insomnia treatment • Sleep hygiene counseling • Medication • Sleep center treatment may include: • Sleep logs • Cognitive therapy • Relaxation therapy • Biofeedback • Sleep restriction • Paradoxical intention • Phototherapy • Chronotherapy

  22. Medication • Short-term use of short-acting hypnotics has been shown to be effective in reducing problem sleepiness associated with acute insomnia • Benzodiazepines (Restoril, Ativan) • Non-benzodiazepine sedatives (Sonata, Ambien, Intermezzo, Lunesta) • Melatonin agonists (Rozerem) • Decrease sleep latency, number of awakenings, increase sleep duration Treatment of insomnia. Bonnet, M and Arand, D, UpToDate, reviewed 9/10/12.

  23. Other medications • Antidepressants (Trazodone, doxepin) • Antihistamines (Benadryl) • Herbal remedies (Valerian) • OTC remedies

  24. Medication side effects • residual daytime sedation • drowsiness • dizziness, lightheadedness • cognitive impairment • motor incoordination • dependence • complex sleep-related behaviors Treatment of insomnia. Bonnet, M and Arand, D, UpToDate, reviewed 9/10/12.

  25. Sleep hygiene • Variety of sleep practices that contribute to having good quality sleep and daytime alertness • Mostly common sense

  26. Sleep hygiene • Keep a regular sleep schedule, aim for about the same bedtime and get up at the same time every day. Try not to vary this by more than 2 hours on the weekends. • Avoid naps! They can upset your sleep/wake cycle. If you must, you can try napping for about 10-15 minutes but no longer. • No caffeine later than mid-day. • Exercise! Aim for earlier in the day as exercise in the 4 hours before bedtime can actually wake your body up instead of making you tired. • Have a bedtime routine. This helps prepare your body for sleep. For example, stop work/tv/computer at least 30 minutes before bed and do something relaxing and quiet. Try listening to music, reading, or writing in a journal. • Do not drink alcohol or use tobacco in the 4 hours leading up to bed. These can act as stimulants that interfere with your quality of sleep. • Make sure your bed and bedroom are comfortable, dark and quiet. Use ear plugs, a white noise machine, and/or a night mask if you need to. • Turn your clock away from your bed. If you can’t fall asleep then get up and do a quiet activity until you start to feel sleepy. • Decrease stress in whatever ways possible! If you tend to lie awake thinking at night then keep a “worry journal” near bed and before you turn out the light make a “to-do” list for the next day or write down any other concerns you might have. Think of the journal as place to keep these things so that they can’t distract you overnight. • Keep in mind, resetting one’s sleep cycle can take weeks!

  27. Take home points • Ask about sleep • Need to educate students on what is “normal” • Ask about depression and anxiety • External factors play a huge role in college student sleep issues • Medication can be helpful but usually is not • Consider creating a sleep hygiene handout • Know when to refer

  28. References • US Dept of HHS: “At A Glance: Healthy Sleep”, NIH Publication No. 09-7426 August 2009. • National Institutes of Health Sleep Disorders Research Plan, November 2011 • http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/sleep/pslp_pat.pdf • Stages and architecture of normal sleep, Mark R. Pressman, PhD, from UpToDate, reviewed last 5/17/2011 • International classification of sleep disorders, 2nd ed: Diagnostic and coding manual, American Academy of Sleep Medicine • American Sleep Association, www.sleepassociation.org • Classification of sleep disorders, Judd B. and Sateia, M. UpToDate, reviewed 4/1/2011 • Morgenthaler T; Kramer M; Alessi C et al. Practice parameters for the psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: an update. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. SLEEP 2006;29(11):1415-1419. • Sleep in Mood Disorders. Peterson, M et al. Sleep Medicine Clinics. Volume 3, Issue 2, June 2008, Pages 231–249 • Overview of Insomnia, Bonnet, M et al, UpToDate, reviewed 9/28/12 • Treatment of insomnia. Bonnet, M and Arand, D, UpToDate, reviewed 9/10/12. • Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4-5 hours per night. Dinges, DF et al. Sleep. 1997 Apr;20(4):267-77. • Perogamvros L. Front Psych. 2013 Jul 25;4:474. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00474. eCollection2013 • Prescriber’s Letter, www.prescribersletter.com • Understanding sleep disorders in a college age population, Jensen, D. Journal of College Counseling, Spring 2003, Volume 6. • http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov • “Cheating Ourselves of Sleep”, Jane Brody. New York Times, 6/17/13 • “How Sleep Loss Adds to Weight Gain”, Anahad O’Connor, NYT, 8/6/13 • http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/categories/health/sleep

More Related