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Primates

Primates. BIO 2215 Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson. Order Primates. Opposable thumb Binocular vision Fingernails usually Mammary glands reduced to one thoracic pair. Prosimians. Large ears and eyes Wet nose. Tarsier. Big eyes Elongated tarsal bones. Lemur.

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Primates

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  1. Primates BIO 2215 Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson

  2. Order Primates • Opposable thumb • Binocular vision • Fingernails usually • Mammary glands reduced to one thoracic pair

  3. Prosimians • Large ears and eyes • Wet nose

  4. Tarsier • Big eyes • Elongated tarsal bones

  5. Lemur • Long fury tail • Claws on some digits • Elongated cranium

  6. Anthropoids or Simians • Fully binocular vision • Reduced olfactory organs

  7. New World Monkey • Prehensile tail

  8. Old World Monkey • Tail not prehensile

  9. Hominoid • Apes and Man • No tail

  10. Orangutan

  11. Gorilla

  12. Chimpanzee

  13. Hominid • Bipedal • Weight bearing pelvis • Loss of opposable toe • Flattened face • Enlarged frontal lob

  14. Australopithecus

  15. Homo

  16. Primates Anthropoids Prosimians Tarsiers Lemurs New World Monkeys Hominoids Old World Monkeys

  17. Hominoids Apes Hominids Australopithecus Gorilla Chimp Homo Orangutan

  18. Animal Connection • Humans share many traits with animals • We are most similar to apes • Same 206 bones • All but 3 of 650 muscles the same • DNA is 98% the same • Same blood types Albino Gorilla

  19. Why are we so similar to apes? • Modern apes and modern man share a common ancestor who lived about 7 million years ago

  20. Sequence of Human Evolution • Hundreds of fossils have been found • Some of the major fossils will be discussed in this presentation

  21. Australopithecus afarensis • 3.5 million years ago • Nicknamed Lucy • Walked upright • Small brain • Skeleton human like • Feet • Pelvis • Upright stance

  22. Comparative Anatomy Lucy Gorilla Human • Gorilla pelvis adapted for knuckle walking • Human pelvis adapted for upright walking • Lucy’s pelvis very similar to human pelvis

  23. Knuckle Walking • Requires an elongated pelvis and long arms

  24. Lucy’s pelvis allowed her to walk like a human instead of an ape.

  25. Fossilized Footprints • Footprints left when a a pair of Australopithecines walked in the ash of a recently erupted volcano

  26. Lucy Chimp Skull Anatomy • Thick brow ridges like a chimpanzee • Cranial capacity 400 cc. Chimp 350 cc. • Teeth similar to human teeth

  27. Lucy: A Transitional Fossil • Transitional fossil shows characteristics of two kinds of animals • Represent the transition from one organism to another • Ape characteristics • Skull • Cranial capacity • Human characteristics • Walked upright • Feet • Pelvis

  28. Australopithecus africanus • 2.8 million years ago • Cranial capacity 460 cc

  29. Homo habilis • Cranial capacity 630 cc • Flatter face than Australopithecines • Used tools • Nicknamed handy man

  30. Homo erectus • 1.8 million to 35,000 years ago • 1,000 cc cranial capacity • Large brow ridges • Sloping forehead • More advanced tools than H. habilis

  31. Homo erectus • Skeleton very similar to modern man • Used fire • Traveled • Fossils found in Africa, Europe, China, Indonesia

  32. Homo neanderthalensis • 200,000 to 25,000 years ago • Cranial capacity up to 1750 cc • Larger than modern man • No chin • Sloping forehead • Buried dead with tools and flowers

  33. Neanderthal Man • Mitochondrial DNA studies indicate he was not a direct human ancestor • Contemporary species with early Homo sapiens • H. sapiens out competed H. neaderthalensis

  34. Homo sapiens • 200,000 years ago to present • Photo is a skull 35,000 years old • 1400 cc cranial capacity • Vertical forehead • Pronounced chin

  35. Modern Homo sapiens • Small front teeth • Small brow ridges • Rounded cranium

  36. Homo neanderthalensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Homo erectus Homo habilis Common ancestor Modern apes Sequence of Human EvolutionOne of several possibilities Homo sapiens

  37. Evolution of Skull • Cranial capacity increases for a larger brain • Face become flatter • Brow ridges become smaller • Forehead becomes higher • Chin develops

  38. Sahelanthropus tchadensis • 6 to 7 million years ago • Flat face like Homo • Cranial capacity about the same as a chimp • Walked upright

  39. The End

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