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PRIMATES

Chapter 43: Section 4. PRIMATES. Include prosimians, apes, monkeys and human. Primate Characteristics. Generalist Teeth (herbivorous and omnivorous teeth). Large brain parts relative to size. Communication (broad range of expression and sounds). Acute Color Vision (binocular vision,

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PRIMATES

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  1. Chapter 43: Section 4 PRIMATES • Include prosimians, apes, monkeys and human

  2. Primate Characteristics Generalist Teeth (herbivorous and omnivorous teeth) Large brain parts relative to size Communication (broad range of expression and sounds) Acute Color Vision (binocular vision, depth perception) Infant Care (attention to young, mammary glands) Social Organization (groups with complex behaviors among members.) Characteristic skeletal structure (sit upright, cling) Manual Dexterity (opposable thumbs, Flattened nails for Protection)

  3. Prosimians • Most primitive primates “pre-monkeys” • Nocturnal • Sensitive vision • Complex tactile hairs • Large, movable ears • Strong sense of smell • Developed hand control • Tropical woodlands • Most are endangered

  4. Lemurs of the night

  5. Brown Mouse Lemur

  6. Old World Monkeys: RED New World Monkeys: Orange

  7. Flat nosed Nostrils far apart and open to the side No cheek pouches No buttock pads Thumb lies in line with other digits Small to medium sized Down-facing nose Nostrils close together and open downward Prominent buttock pads that they sit on Thumb is rotated and more opposable Generally larger MonkeysNew World vs Old World

  8. Capuchin Monkey Primate Clip Folder

  9. Colobus Monkey • Primate Video Clip

  10. Proboscis Monkey

  11. Larger and heavier • No tail • More upright body posture • Broad chest

  12. Meeting the Gibbons

  13. GREAT APES • Orangutans, Chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, bonobos and human • Family Hominidae • Face is almost naked • Round ears • No cheek pouches • Thumb is shorter than fingers • Wide range of vocalizations and facial expressions • *at DNA level, human is more related to chimp, than a chimp is related to a gorilla

  14. Hominids • Include: humans and extinct humanlike species • Bipedalism: ability to walk upright • Why? • Adaptations • Bowl-shaped human pelvis to support internal organs • Spine curves in an S shape-allows for upright posture • Toes are aligned with each other and shorter than apes

  15. Ardipithecus ramidus “Ardi” • Discovered in Ethiopia (1992-took 15 years to fully analyze and publish) • 125 pieces of the skeleton • 4.4 mya • Small-brained, 110-pound female • Oldest fossil skeleton of a human ancestor • Shows unexpected mix of advanced characteristics and of primitive traits

  16. Feet, pelvis, leg and hands suggests she was a biped on the ground but a quadruped when moving in trees • Grasping big toe like apes • Upper pelvis positioned to walk on two legs • Lower pelvis built like an ape • Intermediate stage in our evolution that nobody knew about • Ardipithecus, then Australopithecus, than Homo

  17. Australopithecus anamensis • Found 1995, Mary Leakey • Kenya • Similar to Chimpanzee but bipedal • 4.2 mya • Oldest known member of genus

  18. Australopithecus afarensis(Lucy) • 1974 • Afar Valley of N. Ethiopia • 3.2 mya

  19. Australopithecus africanus • Southern Africa • 2.3 - 3 mya • Taller/heavier than Lucy • Slightly larger brain capacity

  20. Australopithecus robustus • Southern Africa • Large teeth and jaws • Different lineage than Lucy Australopithecus boisei • Eastern Africa • Boney ridge on crest of head • Anchor large jaw muscles • 2 mya

  21. Homo habilis • “handy-man” • 1960s, East Africa • Stone tools • Body not much taller than Lucy • 4 ft tall • 2 mya

  22. Homo erectus • “upright human” • “Java man” • Thicker skull, larger brow ridges • Lower forehead • Large, protruding teeth • 5 ft tall • Crude tools and fire • Hunted and cooked • Lived in tribes of 20-50

  23. Homo neaderthalensis • Europe and Asia • 230,000 - 30,000 yrs ago • Heavy bones • Thick brows • Protruding jaws • Lived in caves • Stone scraper tools • Care for dead • Not sure what caused extinction

  24. Homo sapiens • Appeared in Africa • 1st discovery in Cro-Magnon cave in France (Cro-Magnons) • Hunted • Complex patterns of social organization • Sophisticated language • tools

  25. How did Homo sapiens occupy the entire globe?

  26. Dr. Spencer Wells • Found genetic evidence, based on thousands of DNA samples taken across the world, that shows that all humans alive today have descended from a single man who lived in Africa some 60,000 years ago • Y-Adam “We are all Africans under our skin”

  27. Y Chromosome • Develop genetic markers • As inherited, they are passed down through generations, forming a complex story that can be traced backwards in time • Each son has inherited the marker • Find the point at which it first occurred…most recent common ancestor

  28. Exodus began 60,000 - 50,000 years ago

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