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Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans

Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans. A long journey from Tahiti to Hawaii. 延伸閱讀： 冰海奇航 新新聞出版 Riddle of the Ice by Myron Arms 馴服暖化猛獸. How to observe ocean (current)?. mooring. drifter. Global Drifter Program http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/dac/gdp.html.

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Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans

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  1. Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans A long journey from Tahiti to Hawaii • 延伸閱讀： • 冰海奇航 新新聞出版 • Riddle of the Ice • by Myron Arms • 馴服暖化猛獸

  2. How to observe ocean (current)?

  3. mooring

  4. drifter Global Drifter Program http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/dac/gdp.html

  5. 60,000 Nike shoes spilled from a storm-tossed cargo ship in the northeastern Pacific in May 1990 The North Pacific gyre has been dropping off shoes around the Pacific since 1990. 1 shoe spill, May 27, 1990 2 250 recovered, March 26, 1991 3 200 recovered, May 18, 1991 4 100 recovered, January-February 1991 5 200 recovered, Nov.-Dec. 1990 6 200 recovered, February-March 1991 7 150 recovered, April 4, 1991 8 200 recovered, May 9-10, 1991 9 several recovered, January-March 1993 10 predicted, January-July 1994 From Judith Gradwohl, Smithsonian Institution (Curator/Ocean Planet) http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/oceanography_currents_2.html

  6. Surface Ocean Current: Wind-driven Current From Don ReedDepartment of Geology San Jose State University http://geosun1.sjsu.edu/~dreed/130/lab10/10.html

  7. 過去認知：海水被風吹著走，海流與風向一致！過去認知：海水被風吹著走，海流與風向一致！ • 1890s: • Norwegian explorer Fidtjof Nansen試圖穿越北極海 • 船卡在海冰中長達一年 • 發現：冰與船移動的方向往風向的右側偏約20-40度 • Swedish physicist Walfrid Ekman導出數學公式解釋 • - 地球旋轉（科氏力）與 摩擦

  8. Ekman Spiral • 透過摩擦力 • 動能下傳驅動 • 下層海水 • 科氏力使下層 • 海水往右偏 Ekman transport

  9. Ekman transport Ekman transport 湧昇流

  10. Downwelling: 沈降流 Upwelling: 湧昇流 From “The Blue Planet” by Skinner et al.

  11. 南美洲海岸 湧昇流

  12. Surface Ocean Current: Wind-driven Current 風生（成）洋流

  13. 風如何驅動表面洋流？ • 為何海水沒有累積在海洋兩側 • 而是累積在海洋中央？ 海面高度

  14. Convergence in the Center of a Subtropical Gyre （環流圈）

  15. Convergence vs. Divergence X X

  16. Geostrophic Current H L L L L L H L 平行於海面高度的 地轉流 L L L

  17. 黑潮 黑潮 掀起浪濤，顛簸氾濫， 搖撼著宇宙。 洶湧的黑潮有時把長提沖潰。 點滴的流泉有時把磬石滴穿。 - 楊華（1906-1936）「黑潮集」

  18. （墨西哥）灣流 （Gulf Stream)

  19. 洋流與海溫分佈

  20. 甚麼因素決定海水密度？ 海水成分 硫酸鹽 鎂 鈣 鉀 重碳鹽酸 溴 氯 鈉 From “The Blue Planet” by Skinner et al.

  21. Profiles of Temperature, Salinity and Density in Mid-latitude 密度躍層 躍溫層 鹽度躍層 g鹽/Kg 溫度 鹽度 密度

  22. Vertical Distribution of Temperature 0 0 影響溫度的因素？

  23. Vertical Distribution of Salinity 影響鹽度的因素？

  24. 赤道太平洋 混合層 躍溫層

  25. 從熱力與動力的角度，何者讓海洋比較不穩定？從熱力與動力的角度，何者讓海洋比較不穩定？ 太陽輻射 長波輻射 蒸發 大風 微風

  26. 溫鹽洋流（Thermohaline Circulation) • 深海洋流（Deep Ocean Circulation) • 由密度差驅動 • 溫度與鹽度決定密度

  27. The Weddel Sea: An Ice-making Factory

  28. 南極地形高度

  29. Formation of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) 南極底水的形成 http://www.geology.um.maine.edu/ges121/lectures/19-ocean-conveyor/ocean-conveyor.html

  30. Polynya 無冰區

  31. North Atlantic Deep Water(NADW) 北大西洋深水 From “The Blue Planet” by Skinner et al.

  32. Flow Pattern of NADW and AABW

  33. Ages of Water Masses

  34. 海洋輸送帶：養分、熱量、放射性物質、氟氯碳化物、…海洋輸送帶：養分、熱量、放射性物質、氟氯碳化物、… From “The Blue Planet” by Skinner et al.

  35. Achilles (Heel)

  36. Ocean Color

  37. Spread of Mediterranean Sea Water

  38. Poleward Heat Transport

  39. Homework for Chapter 5 • Review Questions: 3, 5, 8,9, 10 • 加分題: 為何大洋環流西側洋流較強，東側較弱？ • Due 23 March

  40. Vorticity

  41. Vorticity

  42. Asymmetric Subtropical Gyre

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