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Symptoms include: Chlorotic (yellow) needles “Stress” cone crop Reduced height growth

Symptoms include: Chlorotic (yellow) needles “Stress” cone crop Reduced height growth. Windthrow, snags and stubs. Fungi spread primarily through and along roots. Armillaria root disease caused by A. ostoyae. Causal Agents:. Armillaria ostoyae A. mellea A. gallica

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Symptoms include: Chlorotic (yellow) needles “Stress” cone crop Reduced height growth

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  1. Symptoms include: Chlorotic (yellow) needles “Stress” cone crop Reduced height growth

  2. Windthrow, snags and stubs

  3. Fungi spread primarily through and along roots.

  4. Armillaria root disease caused by A. ostoyae

  5. Causal Agents: • Armillaria ostoyae • A. mellea • A. gallica • A. nabsnona • A. gemini • A. calvescens • A. cepistipes XI • A. sinapina • NABS IX, X

  6. Symptoms and signs: - Resin on the bark surface - white mycelial fan

  7. Armillaria root rot

  8. Armillaria travels through the soil via rhizomorphs

  9. Species susceptibility to A. ostoyae

  10. De-laminated wood of laminated root rot

  11. Phellinus weirii on bark of infected root

  12. Ectotrophic mycelium Setal hyphae (red whiskers)

  13. Fruitbody of Phellinus weirii

  14. Susceptibility to laminated root rot: Highly susceptible: Douglas-fir Grand fir Mountain hemlock Intermediately susceptible: Subalpine fir Western larch Tolerant: Lodgepole pine Western white pine Resistant: Ponderosa pine Western redcedar Immune: All hardwoods are immune

  15. Annosus root disease Heterobasidion annosum

  16. Spores of asexual form of H. annosum on infected wood

  17. Annosus root disease found on all western conifers Primary concern is on: -true fir (s-type) -hemlock (s-type) -pine (p-type)

  18. Infection in a root system: total root colonization death decay 100% Armillaria Infection level Phellinus Years since infection

  19. Control strategies include: • Reducing inoculum • < 30% slope • low hazard for mass wasting, erosion, compaction, etc.

  20. 1987 1977 1992 2002

  21. Control strategies (cont.): - Alternate species *no difference in susceptibility in trees less than 15 years old

  22. Strategies (cont.); Wildfire: - has little effect on belowground Armillaria sp. - may displace fire-intolerant hosts

  23. Strategies (cont.); - Fertilization *Nitrogen - may delay symptoms *Potassium – alters root phenol:sugar

  24. Strategies (cont.): - Chemical agents *effectiveness demonstrated on single stumps. *curatives likely uneconomical.

  25. Other strategies: - Biological control *Operational effectiveness not yet proven. *Inadequate delivery. *No agents yet registered. Hypholoma fasciculare

  26. Stand development

  27. Chemical control with • SporaxR or Tim-BorR • recommended on: • dry pine sites • all true fir sites • mixed conifer sites • where true fir is favored Minimum stump size for treatment is ca. 10 inches

  28. Compares: - future stand conditions and productivity. - effects of inoculum on management objectives. - effects of silvicultural prescriptions.

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