Marine Biology

1. Marine Biology Where have we been, and where are we going?

2. What is Marine Biology? • Marine biology is the scientific study of organisms in the marineenvironment • Oceanography? • Marine biology is a combination of functional biology and ecology Introduction

3. Why should we study the marine habitat? • Provides many different resources • Widely used for recreation and essential in many coastal economies • Problems created by the marine environment and marine animals • Future generations Introduction

4. The History of Marine Biology • Food source • Middens • Fish hooks • Knowledge of the marine environment increased with advancements in seamanship and navigation Pacific Islanders Vikings Phoenicians Arabs Greeks Europeans Introduction

5. James Cook • One of the first captains to make scientific observations • Chronometer • Full-time naturalist • Explored all oceans in 3 voyages • Through his example in the 19th century most ships carried naturalists James Cook Introduction

6. Francesco Bartolozzi and William Byrne The death of Captain Cook James Cook Voyages Introduction

7. Charles Darwin • In 1831 the H.M.S. Beagle sailed around the world for 5 years carrying Charles Darwin • What are Darwin’s notable contributions to science and marine biology? Charles Darwin Introduction

8. Atoll Reefs and Barnacles Introduction

9. Edward Forbes • Naturalist on the Beacon and sampled the bottom using a dredge • Discovered that animal density decreased with depth and that species diversity changes with depth • Azoic Introduction

10. The Challenger Expedition • In 1872 the British government funded the first major oceanographic expedition. • A light warship, the HMS Challenger was used • It took 19 years and 50 volumes to publish all the results • 4,700 new species were discovered • New standards were set in studying the ocean. Challenger Introduction

11. HMS Challenger Voyage Fig. 1.5 Introduction

12. Woods Hole Institute Marine Laboratories • Marine labs were created at the shore to tackle long term studies of the marine habitat • The first major American lab was the Woods Hole lab in Massachusetts • http://www.whoi.edu/home/ • Another important lab was created in Pacific Grove, California. The Scripps Institute • http://www-sio.ucsd.edu/ • These and many other marine labs are crucial in the growth of marine biology today Introduction

13. Marine Biology Today • The description of animals and the general picture of marine biology is now well understood • Marine biologist are concerned with why patterns exist and how animals live • With advances in technologies new areas are now available to explore • Submersibles (Alvin) and ROV’s are used to explore the deep sea and hydrothermal vents Alvin Introduction

14. NAML • National Association of Marine Laboratories Introduction