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TALK OF THE DAY

TALK OF THE DAY. NEVER REGRET/CURSE A DAY IN YOUR LIFE.  GOOD DAYS GIVE YOU HAPPINESS; BAD DAYS GIVE YOU EXPERIENCES.  BOTH ARE ESSENTIAL TO LIFE.  SO ENJOY EVERY MOMENT OF LIFE. IODINE. MICRONUTRIENTS DEFICIENCIES. Common are Iron, Iodine and Vitamin A

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TALK OF THE DAY

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  1. TALK OF THE DAY • NEVER REGRET/CURSE A DAY IN YOUR LIFE. •  GOOD DAYS GIVE YOU HAPPINESS; • BAD DAYS GIVE YOU EXPERIENCES. •  BOTH ARE ESSENTIAL TO LIFE. •  SO ENJOY EVERY MOMENT OF LIFE

  2. IODINE

  3. MICRONUTRIENTS DEFICIENCIES • Common are Iron, Iodine and Vitamin A • Specially northern Districts and GilgitBaltistan are endemic Areas. • Some plains of KP are also known to be suffering

  4. IODINEIAt. No. 53 Atomic Mass 127

  5. Dietary Sources • Sea food & Cod liver oil very rich in iodine and very excellent source. • Eggs and dairy products are good sources. • Present in food as inorganic iodide and as organic compound.

  6. Dietary sources • Mostly derived from drinking water. • Iodized salt.

  7. Iodine content of soil & under ground water / agriculture products in regions away from sea shore, decrease markedly.

  8. Distribution & Total Body contents • 25-30 mg • All cells contain Iodine. • 80 % is stored in the thyroid gland. • Daily requirement is 150-200 micrograms/day.

  9. Absorption and metabolism • Dietary iodine is converted to Iodide & absorbed as inorganic iodide. • Transported in blood as free iodide or as Protein bound (PBI) • 96% of the absorbed is excreted in urine & 4% in feces.

  10. In plasma, it is found in two forms 1- Inorganic or filterable Ionic form (Iodide) 5% of plasma Iodide. Greater intake e.g. Use of iodized salt lead to appropriate / corresponding increase in level. On usual diet plasma I- = 0.3-0.5 ug/dl

  11. 2- Organic or Hormonal Iodine As part of thyroid hormones, iodide mostly occurs as bound with specific plasma proteins.

  12. Iodine in Thyroid Hormones Iodine atom

  13. Actions of Thyroid Hormones • Regulate cellular oxidation • Calorigenesis • Thermoregulation • Intermediary Metabolism • Necessary for protein synthesis • Promotes • Nitrogen retention • Glycogenolysis • Intestinal absorption of glucose and galactose • Lipolysis • Uptake of glucose by adipocytes

  14. RDA • 50-70 ug or 1 ug/Kg body wt. is required daily in food

  15. Most Common Iodine deficiency Disease (IDD) is Goitre • Which was quite endemic in certain geographical regions. ( SWAT, CHITRAL) • Can be prevented by addition of a small amount of Iodine to table Salts. • In Pakistan salt is added 76-80 ppm.

  16. Forms of Inorganic, Nonradioactive Iodine • KI (Potassium Iodide) • A 130 mg tablet contains 100 mg of iodide • SSKI (Saturated Solution of Potassium Iodide) • 38 mg/drop iodide (760 mg/ml) • Lugol’sSolution 5% iodine (I2) and 10% KI • 6.5 mg/drop blend of iodine and iodide (130 mg/ml) • Iodoral -- 5% iodine and 10% KI • One tablet = 12.5 mg blend of iodine and iodide

  17. Related Diseases & effects • Deficiency leads to goiter which is the enlargement of thyroid gland.

  18. Iodine Deficiency Disorders Goiter Mental Retardation

  19. Excess: An excessive intake of iodide can lead to thyrotoxicosis.

  20. Iodine as an Antioxidant Reactive Oxygen Species I-+ H2O2 HIO + OH- HIO + I- + H+I2 + H2O Kupper FC, et al. Iodine uptake in Laminariales involves extracellular, haloperoxidase-mediated oxidation of iodide. Planta1998;207:163-171.

  21. Fluoride (F)Atomic No. 9 Atomic Mass 18

  22. Fluoride • Trace element • Accepted as required nutrient due to it protective role against dental carries

  23. Fluorine • Considered essential because of its beneficial effect on tooth enamel • Benefits include: less dental caries, stronger bones, reduction in osteoporosis and calcification of the aorta

  24. In large quantities it is deleterious to teeth; dental fluorosis: pitting, chalky, dull white patches and mottling of teeth • 1 to 2 parts per million is adequate for drinking water

  25. Dietary sources • Drinking water is the main source • If water content is less than 1 part per million (ppm), it should be added (Fluoridation)

  26. Fluorine • Main sources include drinking water and plants (spinach, lettuce, onions) • Average daily intake: 1.5 – 4.0 mg/day • Fluoride supplementation is available in both oral and topical forms: • Oral: mainly sodium fluoride (Pediaflor Drops) • Topical: either sodium or stannous fluoride (Fluorigard, Karigel, Fluoral)

  27. Distribution • Accumulates as part of hard structure of teeth and bone • Accumulation is a function of duration of intake and age at which intake begins

  28. Requirements • Safe and adequate intake of fluoride for adult is: 1.5 – 4.0 mg/day • For children 4 yrs and over = 1.0 – 2.5 mg • For toddlers 1 – 3 = 0.5 – 1.5 mg/day • For infants = 0.1 – 1.0 mg/day

  29. Functions • For carries prevention, sustained intake is required through out adulthood. • Most important during early pregnancy and childhood i.e. the period of tooth development. • For normal bone calcification, it is also necessary • Adequate intake at adult hood may decrease the incidence of osteoporosis.

  30. Related diseases • Deficiency leads to dental carries and bones problems • Fluorosis – High intake during period of tooth development leads to mottling and discoloration of tooth enamel • High intake also causes increased bone density and calcification at point of muscle insertion.

  31. Related diseases • In very large doses fluoride can be toxic as it inhibits several magnesium containing enzymes involved with phosphate metabolism etc

  32. THANKS

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