Instructional Focus Document Notes Grade 8/Social Studies

1. Instructional Focus Document NotesGrade 8/Social Studies UNIT: 01 TITLE: Exploration and Colonization Part 1: European Background

2. Europe Today

3. Europe under the Roman Empire

4. Roman Empire: 600BC-500AD • Rome spread across the entire Mediterranean Sea at its height. • Spread across the continents of Africa Europe and Asia. • Most powerful and influential empire of all time.

6. Roman empire • Great architecture, sculptures, and artisans….as well as having the most powerful army the world had ever seen. • Roman empire lasted over 1,000 years

7. Rome’s Decline • Reasons why the empire declined and collapsed included: • Government corruption • Weak Caesars (emperors) • Empire split into two (East and West) • West fell to barbarian tribes..(Huns, Vandals, Goths, etc.) • East became Byzantium

8. The Two Empires

9. Fall of the Western Roman Empire

10. Dark Ages: 500AD-1200AD • When Rome fell, its culture and knowledge were lost plunging Europe into the Dark Ages. • Europe was in chaos. • Each warlord wanted to create the next Rome, but each failed and the result was more chaos and anarchy.

11. Dark Ages • There was no education, no technology. All past knowledge was gone. • The Dark Ages were a time when man started over. • The church preserved the only writings and the monks were the only educated people.

12. Dark Ages • The Black Death wiped out over a third of Europe. • Caused by fleas from rats.

13. Feudal System • Feudalism was a class system that ruled Europe. • At the top was the king. • Next were the nobles who owned the land • Next were the knights who fought for the nobles • Last were the serfs who worked the land for the nobles. • Each section of Europe had its own version of Feudalism.

14. Crusades: 1095AD-1300AD • Wars between European Christians and Middle Eastern Muslims • Pope wanted to free the holy land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims • Christians won the 1st crusade, but the Muslims won the rest.

15. Crusades • The importance of the Crusades was that it opened the doors of learning once again for the Europeans. • They were RE-introduced to education, writing, art, technology, spices, etc.

16. 100 Year Years War: 1337-1457 • Fought over land claims in Europe. • Each country in Europe wanted to be the next Rome. • Joan of Arc fought for France. • 100 Years War ended in England’s favor due to better army, better technology (longbow), etc.

17. Renaissance: 1400s • Began in Italy • Started because of the fall of Byzantium • Reawakening of Europe • Printing Press was invented • Education became important

18. Renaissance • Leonardo DaVinci , Copernicus, Galileo. All were important thinkers. • Marco Polo traveled to China and brought back tales of a rich Orient as well as spices and silk.

19. Reformation: October 15, 1517 • Martin Luther challenged the Catholic church and its doctrine • Reformation changed the faith of Europe and helped bring about the age of reason. (science, and logic)

20. Chronological Order • Chronological Order is a measure of time in which events are listed in the order which they occurred (as in a timeline)

21. Timeline Example

22. Part 2: Age of Exploration

23. List 3 effects of Columbus’s voyages • a. Europeans found the Americas(and natives) • b. Began the Age of Exploration • c. Spanish colonization

24. Why was Prince Henry the Navigator important to exploration? • Sponsored further exploration. Helped develop the caravel.

25. How did the Caravel improve transportation? • Triangular sails allowed ships to sail into the wind in any direction.

26. What was the Line of Demarcation? Who drew it? What 2 European countries did it involve? • Divided North and South America • Pope Alexander VI drew it up. • The line was between Spain and Portugal’s claims in the western hemisphere.

27. Who was first to circumnavigate the Earth? • Ferdinand Magellan (or his crew) was first to sail completely around the world

28. Magellan’s voyage

29. What was Cortes’s invisible ally that aided in conquering the Aztecs? • Smallpox and other diseases aided Cortez in his conquest of the Aztec empire • Native Americans had no immunities to European diseases

30. What was the main goal of the conquistadors?Gold. • The main goal of the conquistadors was to conquer and obtain GOLD

31. Why was the search for the Northwest Passage important? • Sailors searched for a route through the new continent for a quicker way to China

32. Why did Spain send its powerful Armada to attack England? • England was raiding Spanish shipping making Spain angry, so King Phillip of Spain sent his massive Armada to England to invade and conquer

33. What happened in this battle between Spain’s Armada and the English Navy? • The mighty Spanish Armada was destroyed by the English navy in the English Chanel

34. List 2 effects of the famous naval battle between England and Spain • a. England would remain Protestant and become a power. • b. Marked the beginning of Spain’s decline.

35. Which European country began to in the area of present day New York? • After pushing out the Swedes, the Dutch came to occupy what they called New Amsterdam.

36. How did the Spaniards treat the Native Americans who lived in their colonies? • Native Americans who lived in Spanish colonies or missions were treated horribly. • Many were used as slave labor.

37. Which European country settled along the St. Lawrence river, Mississippi river, and the Great Lakes region? Why? • France. They were interested in fur trading.

38. What was the cargo on ships traveling through the Middle Passage? • African Slaves. • As the Transatlantic slave trade began, most of the slaves were taken to Central and South America, with Brazil receiving the most.

39. Middle Passage and the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade

40. Who founded the colony of Roanoke? What happened to the colony? • Walter Raleigh established the colony of Roanoke • The colony disappeared without a trace. • It is still a mystery today as to what happened to the lost colony

41. How did Joint-Stock companies work? • Investors would give money for the start up of a colony. • The investors would then share in the profits or losses together.

42. What was the first permanent English colony in North America? • Jamestown established in 1607 was the first permanent English settlement in North America.

43. What was the House of Burgesses and why is it important to American history? • It was the first elected assembly in North America.

44. What did John Smith do for Jamestown? • John Smith made the settlers of Jamestown stop their search for gold. • He put the colony to work so it would become successful. • He made them help themselves.

45. What product (crop) saved Jamestown from failure? • Tobacco saved Jamestown from failure • It was an abundant crop that Europeans became addicted to. • Jamestown grew tobacco and sold it to European nations

46. Why is the Mayflower Compact important to American history? • Drafted by Pilgrims when they arrived • It established the idea of self-government • It established the idea of majority rule.

47. Why did Pilgrims come to America? • Pilgrims came to north America from England (where they were known as separatists) to escape religious persecution and have freedom of religion

48. What event prompted the House of Burgesses to pass laws limiting the power of the governor? • Nathaniel Bacon and his followers were responsible for Bacon’s Rebellion • The Governor had his followers publicly hanged as a punishment • This prompted the House of Burgesses to take some power away from single authority (like a governor)

49. What type of society did the Puritans have? • Puritans were deeply religious • Puritans were very hardworking and did not believe in leisure • Their strong work ethic and strong religious connections were called “The New England Way”

50. Why were the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut important to American History? • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut were the first written framework of government in the New World. • Expanded the idea of representative government.