1 / 33

Study Designs for Analytic Epidemiology

Study Designs for Analytic Epidemiology. Session 3, Part 2. Learning Objectives Session 3, Part 2. Define analytic epidemiology List 3 types of observational study designs. Overview Session 3, Part 2. Review of descriptive vs. analytic epidemiology Components of analytic epidemiology

guido
Download Presentation

Study Designs for Analytic Epidemiology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Study Designs for Analytic Epidemiology Session 3, Part 2

  2. Learning ObjectivesSession 3, Part 2 • Define analytic epidemiology • List 3 types of observational study designs

  3. OverviewSession 3, Part 2 • Review of descriptive vs. analytic epidemiology • Components of analytic epidemiology • Types of analytic study designs

  4. Descriptive versus Analytic Epidemiology

  5. Descriptive vs. Analytic Epidemiology

  6. Analytic Epidemiology • Used to help identify the cause of disease • Typically involves designing a study to test one or more hypotheses

  7. Source: Borgman, J (1997). The Cincinnati Enquirer. King Features Syndicate.

  8. Components of Analytic Epidemiology

  9. Exposure and Outcome • Exposure: Any factor that might influence one’s risk of disease • Outcome: Disease or condition, standardized using case definitions

  10. Case Definition • Standard diagnostic criteria that must be fulfilled to identify a person as a case of a particular disease • Clinical (laboratory results, symptoms, signs) • Restrictions on person, place, and time • Ensures that all persons who are counted as cases actually have the same disease

  11. Developing Hypotheses • A hypothesis is an educated guess about an association that is testable in a scientific investigation • Descriptive data provide information to develop hypotheses • Hypotheses tend to be broad initially and are then refined to have a narrower focus

  12. Hypothesis Example • Hypothesis: People who ate at the church picnic were more likely to become ill • Exposure is eating at the church picnic • Outcome is illness – this would need to be defined, for example, ill persons are those who have diarrhea and fever

  13. Hypothesis Example • Hypothesis: People who ate at the church picnic were more likely to become ill • Exposure is eating at the church picnic • Outcome is illness – this would need to be defined, for example, ill persons are those who have diarrhea and fever • Hypothesis: People who ate the egg salad at the church picnic were more likely to have laboratory-confirmed Salmonella • Exposure is eating egg salad at the church picnic • Outcome is laboratory confirmation of Salmonella

  14. Types of Analytic Studies

  15. Main Categories of Studies • Experimental studies – exposure status is assigned by investigators • Observational studies – exposure status is not assigned

  16. Experimental Studies • Can involve individuals or communities • Assignment of exposure status can be random or non-random • The non-exposed group can be untreated, untreated with placebo, or given a standard treatment • Most common design is a randomized clinical trial

  17. Experimental Study Examples • Randomized clinical trial to determine if giving magnesium sulfate to pregnant women in preterm labor decreases the risk of their babies developing cerebral palsy • Randomized community trial to determine if fluoridation of the public water supply decreases dental cavities

  18. Observational Studies • Three main study designs: • Cross-sectional study • Cohort study • Case-control study

  19. Cross-Sectional Studies • Exposure and outcome status are determined at the same time • “Snapshot” • Examples include: • Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/ • National Health and Nutrition Surveys (NHANES) http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm • Also include most opinion and political polls

  20. Cohort Study Description • Study population is grouped by exposure status • Groups are then followed to determine if they develop the outcome

  21. Cohort Study Design Study Population Exposure is self selected Non-exposed Exposed

  22. Cohort Study Design Study Population Exposure is self selected Non-exposed Exposed Follow through time Disease No Disease Disease No Disease

  23. Cohort Study Examples • Study to determine if those exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) have a higher risk of leukemia than those not exposed to ETS • Study to determine if children who receive influenza vaccination miss fewer days of school than those who did not receive it • Study to determine if the egg salad was the cause of a foodborne illness outbreak

  24. Case-Control Study Description • Study population is grouped by outcome • Cases are persons who have the outcome • Controls are persons who do not have the outcome • Past exposure status is then determined

  25. Case-Control Study Design Study Population Select based on disease status Controls Cases

  26. Case-Control Study Design Study Population Select based on disease status Controls Cases Look back in time Had Exposure No Exposure Had Exposure No Exposure

  27. Case-Control Study Examples • Study to determine whether women with strokes had hormone replacement therapy as compared to women without strokes • Study to determine whether lung cancer patients have more radon exposure than non-lung cancer controls • Study to determine whether salmonella infection was associated with eating at a fast food restaurant

  28. Cohort versus Case-Control Study

  29. Summary • Analytic epidemiology addresses “why” and “how” a health problem occurs • In experimental studies investigators assign exposures to study participants • In observational studies investigators observe exposures and outcomes that are already occurring in the population • Commonly used observational study designs are cohort studies and case-control studies

  30. References and Resources • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Principles of Epidemiology. 3rd ed. Atlanta, Ga: Epidemiology Program Office, Public Health Practice Program Office; 1992. • Gordis L. Epidemiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Company; 2000. • Gregg MB, ed. Field Epidemiology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2002. • Hennekens CH, Buring JE. Epidemiology in Medicine. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1987. • Cohort Studies. ERIC Notebook [serial online]. 1999:1(3). Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health / Epidemiologic Research & Information Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center. Available at: http://cphp.sph.unc.edu/trainingpackages/ERIC/issue3.htm. Accessed March 1, 2012.

  31. References and Resources • Case-Control Studies. ERIC Notebook [serial online]. 1999:1(5). Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health / Epidemiologic Research & Information Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center. Available at: http://cphp.sph.unc.edu/trainingpackages/ERIC/issue5.htm. Accessed March 1, 2012. • Laboratory Instructor’s Guide: Analytic Study Designs. EPID 168 Lecture Series. Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health; August 2002. Available at: http://www.epidemiolog.net/epid168/labs/AnalyticStudExerInstGuid2000.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2012.

More Related