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MIKROBIOLOGI DASAR. POKOK BAHASAN. PENDAHULUAN PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME GENETIKA MIKROORGANISME BIOENERGETIKA MIKROORGANISME PENGENDALIAN PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME INTERAKSI DAN PENYEBARAN MIKROORGANISME
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MIKROBIOLOGI DASAR POKOK BAHASAN • PENDAHULUAN • PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME • STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME • PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME • GENETIKA MIKROORGANISME • BIOENERGETIKA MIKROORGANISME • PENGENDALIAN PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME • INTERAKSI DAN PENYEBARAN MIKROORGANISME • PERANAN MIKROORGANISME
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME POKOK BAHASAN • PENDAHULUAN • EVOLUSI DAN KERAGAMAN MIKROBA • TINGKATAN TAKSONOMI • SISTEM KLASIFIKASI • KARAKTERISTIK UTAMA YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM TAKSONOMI • PERKIRAAN (ASSESSING) FILOGENI MIKROBA • DIVISI UTAMA ORGANISME • BERGEY’S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY • GARIS BESAR FILOGENI DAN KERAGAMAN PROKARIOT • MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA POKOK BAHASAN • ARCHAEA • BACTERIA • FUNGI • ALGAE • PROTOZOA • VIRUS
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA • ALGAE POKOK BAHASAN • PENDAHULUAN • DISTRIBUSI • STRUKTUR • NUTRISI • REPRODUKSI • PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME • ALGAE X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA • PENDAHULUAN • Algae-not a monophyletic group; instead the term is used to describe a group of organisms that lack roots, stems, and leaves, but that have chlorophyll and other pigments for carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis • Phycologists (algologists)-scientists who study algae • Phycology (algology)-the study of algae
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME • ALGAE X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA • DISTRIBUSI • Primarily aquatic • Planktonic-suspended in the aqueous environment • Phytoplankton-algae and other small aquatic plants • Zooplankton-animals and other nonphotosynthetic protists • Benthic-attached and living on the bottom of a body of water • Neustonic-living at the air-water interface • Moist rocks, wood, trees, and soil • Some are endosymbionts in protozoa, mollusks, worms, corals, and plants • Some associate with fungi to form lichens • Some are parasitic
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME • ALGAE X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA • STRUKTUR • Ultrastructure of the Algal Cell • Surrounded by a thin, rigid cell wall (some also have an outer matrix) • Some are motile by flagella • The nucleus has a typical nuclear envelope with pores • Chloroplasts have thylakoids (sacs) that are the site of photosynthetic light reactions; may also have a dense proteinaceous pyrenoid that is associated with the synthesis and storage of starch • Mitochondria can have discoid cristae, lamellar cristae, or tubular cristae • Structure of the Algal Thallus (Vegetative Form) • Thallus-vegetative body of algae; can be unicellular or multicellular • Algae can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, membranous, or tubular
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME • ALGAE X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA • NUTRISI • Most are autotrophic-require only light and inorganic compounds for energy; use CO2 as carbon source • Some are heterotrophic-use external organic materials as source of energy and carbon
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME • ALGAE X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA • REPRODUKSI • Asexual-occurs only with unicellular algae • FRAGMENTATION-thallus breaks up and each fragment forms a new thallus • Spores formed in ordinary vegetative cell or in sporangium • Zoospores are flagellated motile spores • Aplanospores are nonmotile spores • Binary fission-nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic division • Sexual-occurs in multicellular and unicellular algae • Oogonia-relatively unmodified vegetative cells in which eggs are formed • Antheridia-specialized structures in which sperm are formed • Zygote-product of fusion of sperm and egg
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME • ALGAE X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA • PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE • In the Whittaker system • Divided into SEVEN DIVISIONS within two different kingdoms • Primary classification is based on cellular properties • Cell wall (if present) chemistry and morphology • Storage food and photosynthetic products • Number of flagella and their insertion location • Morphology of cells and/or thallus (body) • Habitat • Reproductive structures • Life history patterns • Molecular systems have reclassified the algae as polyphyletic; they fall into five different lineages • Plants • Red algae • Stramenopiles (this lineage also includes some protozoa) • Alveolates (this lineage also includes some protozoa) • Amoeboflagellates (this lineage also includes some protozoa)
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME • ALGAE X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA • PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE • CHLOROPHYTA (GREEN ALGAE) • CHAROPHYTA (STONEWORTS/BRITTLEWORTS) • EUGLENOPHYTA (EUGLENOIDS) • CHRYSOPHYTA (GOLDEN-BROWN, YELLOW-GREEN ALGAE, DIATOMS) • PHAEOPHYTA (BROWN ALGAE) • RHODOPHYTA (RED ALGAE) • PYRRHOPHYTA (DINOFLAGELLATES)
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME • ALGAE X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA • PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE • CHLOROPHYTA (green algae)-molecular classification places these with plants • Are extremely varied • Contain chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids; store carbohydrate as starch; cell walls are made of cellulose • Live in fresh and salt water, soil, and associated with other organisms • Can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, membranous, or tubular • Exhibit both asexual and sexual reproduction • Genus Chlamydomonas - Members of this genus are microscopic, rounded, with two flagella at anterior end; have single haploid nucleus, a large chloroplast with conspicuous pyrenoid for starch production and storage, a stigma (phototactic eyespot), and contractile vacuole (acts as osmoregulator); exhibit asexual reproduction (zoospores) and sexual reproduction • Genus Chlorella - members of this genus are nonmotile, unicellular algae; are widespread in aquatic habitats and in soil; only reproduce asexually; lack flagella; have eyespots, contractile vacuoles, and a very small nucleus • Genus Volvox - members of the genus exist as hollow spheres made up of a single layer of 500-60,000 flagellated cells; flagella beat in a coordinated fashion; some cells are specialized for reproduction • Prototheca moriformis, which is common in soil, causes the disease protothecosis in humans and other animals
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME • ALGAE X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA • PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE • CHAROPHYTA (stoneworts/brittleworts) • Abundant in fresh and brackish waters; worldwide distribution • Some species precipitate calcium and magnesium carbonate from water to form a limestone covering (helps preserve them as fossils)
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME • ALGAE X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA • PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE • EUGLENOPHYTA (euglenoids)-molecular classification places these with amoeboflagellates • Same chlorophylls (a and b) as Chlorophyta and Charophyta; found in fresh and brackish waters and in moist soils • Genus Euglena-members of this genus: • Have elongated cells bounded by a plasma membrane; inside the plasma membrane is a pellicle (articulated proteinaceous strips lying side-by-side), which is elastic enough to enable turning and flexing of the cell, yet rigid enough to prevent excessive alterations in cell shape • Have a stigma located near an anterior reservoir • Have a large contractile vacuole, which collects water and empties it into the reservoir for osmotic regulation • Have paired flagella at anterior end that arise from reservoir base; only one beats to move the cell • Reproduce by longitudinal mitotic cell division
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME • ALGAE X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA • PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE • CHRYSOPHYTA (golden-brown and yellow-green algae and diatoms)-molecular classification places these with the stramenopiles • Divided into three classes: golden-brown algae, yellow-green algae, and diatoms • Major carbohydrate reserve is chrysolaminarin • Some lack cell walls; some have intricately patterned scales on the plasma membrane; diatoms have a distinctive two-piece wall of silica called a frustule; have zero, one, or two flagella (of equal or unequal length) • Most are unicellular or colonial; reproduction is usually asexual, but occasionally sexual • Diatoms are photosynthetic, circular or oblong cells with overlapping silica shells (epitheca-larger half and hypotheca-smaller half) • Grow in aquatic habitats and moist soil • Some are faculatative heterotrophs • Vegetative cells are diploid and reproduce asexually with each daughter getting one old theca and constructing one new theca; this type of reproduction results in diatoms getting progressively smaller with each reproductive cycle; when diminished to 30% of original size, sexual reproduction occurs
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME • ALGAE X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA • PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE • PHAEOPHYTA (brown algae)-molecular classification places these with stramenopiles • Multicellular seaweeds; some species have the largest linear dimensions known in the eucaryotic world • Simplest species have branched filaments; more complex species (kelps) are differentiated into flattened blades, stalks, and holdfast organs that anchor them to rocks • Contain chlorophylls a and c; carotenoids include fucoxanthin, violaxanthin, and -carotene
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME • ALGAE X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA • PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE • RHODOPHYTA (red algae)-molecular classification gives these a separate lineage • Some are unicellular, but most are multicellular, filamentous seaweeds; comprise most of the seaweeds • Carbohydrate reserve is floridean starch • Contain phycoerythrin (red pigment) and phycocyanin (blue pigment), and can therefore live in deeper waters • Their cell walls include a rigid inner part composed of microfibrils and a mucilaginous matrix consisting of sulfated polymers of galactose (agar); many also deposit calcium carbonate in their cell walls and contribute to coral reef formation
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME • ALGAE X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA • PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE • PYRRHOPHYTA (DINOFLAGELLATES) - molecular classification places these with the alveolates • Unicellular, photosynthetic protists • Most are marine organisms but a few are freshwater dwellers; some are responsible for phosphorescence in ocean waters and for toxic red tides • Their flagella and protective coats are distinctive • Are clad in stiff, patterned, cellulose plates (thecae) • Most have two perpendicular flagella that function in a manner that causes organism to spin • Contain chlorophylls a and c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls • Some can ingest other cells; some are heterotrophic; some are endosymbiotic, living within host cells where they lose their cellulose plates and flagella (zooxanthellae)