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FORGETTING. FORGETTING. Defined as: The inability to retrieve previously stored information… The information is not LOST just cannot be RETRIEVED. FORGETTING IS ADAPTIVE. Forgetting is adaptive because it relieves our mind of ‘ clutter ’
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FORGETTING • Defined as: The inability to retrieve previously stored information… The information is not LOST just cannot be RETRIEVED
FORGETTING IS ADAPTIVE • Forgetting is adaptive because it relieves our mind of ‘clutter’ • If we had all our memory floating around our head all day we would not be able to take in new information and it keeps us sane and on task
The forgetting curve is a graph showing the pattern (rate and amount) of forgetting that occurs over time. Forgetting Curve
Forgetting Curve • A typical forgetting curve shows that forgetting is rapid soon after the original learning • Over half the material is forgotten in the first hour, then the rate slows down • Any memory remaining after 8 hours is likely to remain stable for a long time
Factors that affect forgetting • Amount of material retained is greater when the learning is done over extended periods of time (eg months) • Rate of forgetting is slower when the material is meaningful • Influenced greatly by how well the initial learning took place- the better the original encoding the longer the material is likely to be retained
Measures of Retention Recall, Recognition and Re-learning page 366
What are the colours of the rainbow? • ROY G BIV • RED, ORANGE, YELLOW, GREEN, BLUE, INDIGO, VIOLET
Which of the following is a true colour of the rainbow? • Purple • Pink • Brown • Blue
What is an easy acronym to remember the 7 colours of the rainbow? • ROY G BIV
What are the colours of the rainbow? • ROY G BIV • RED, ORANGE, YELLOW, GREEN, BLUE, INDIGO, VIOLET RECALL- retrieving facts and information from stored memories
Purple Pink Brown Blue RECOGNITION- identifying the correct information from a number of alternatives Which of the following is a true colour of the rainbow?
What is an easy acronym to remember the 7 colours of the rainbow? • ROY G BIV RE- LEARNING- learning again something which has been learned before but was not remembered well
Measures of Retention • Memory retention is measured by examining what information is retrieved. It is also measured by how well it has been retained. • Each measure of retention has a relative sensitivity measurement. • Sensitivity means how well information is able to be retrieved once stored in memory
Sensitivity Ratings • Recall is the least sensitive ( this means that remembering something is more difficult using this method) • RE-learning is the most sensitive • Recognition is more sensitive than recall, but less sensitive than re-learning In other words in order from least to most sensitive it looks like this • RECALL (good) • RECOGNITION (better) • RE-LEARNING (best)
Re-Learning • Re-learning means to learn something again which was previously stored in your memory but not entirely able to be remembered. • If we re-learn information it is retained more quickly. • It is retained more quickly because previous experience has helped us.
The Saving Score • This was developed by Herman Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) • His test revealed the following (time for orginal learning) –( time for re-learning) Saving Score= ----------------------------------------------------------------- (time for original learning) Eg if it took 1 hour to learn something the first time and only 45 minutes to re-learn it the second time- that is a savings score of 25 per cent 60-45 x 100 = 25 60
Theories of Forgetting Pages 371-387
THERE ARE FOUR MAIN THEORIES OF FORGETTING Forgetting occurs because the wrong retrieval cue has been used- RETRIEVAL FAILURE Forgetting occurs because there is interference from other memories- INTERFERENCE THEORY Forgetting occurs because we are motivated unconsciously to forget- MOTIVATED FORGETTING Forgetting occurs because the physical trace created by a new memory fades over times because of disuse.: DECAY THEORY
RETREIVAL FAILURE THEORY Forgetting occurs because the wrong retrieval cue has been used
Retrieval Failure Theory • This theory tells us that forgetting happens not because information is lost but because we don’t use the right retrieval cues • A retrieval cue is anything that assists the process of locating and recovering information stored in our memory • This theory is also known as cue- dependant forgetting
TOT • TOT= Tip of the tongue phenomenon • You are sure you know it and that at any moment you will remember the required information.
INTERFERENCE THEORY Forgetting occurs because there is interference from other memories
Interference Theory • This theory proposes that forgetting occurs because the material being retrieved is becoming confused with other information in memory, this is more so if the other memories are similar. • There are two types of interference theories RETROACTIVE and PROACTIVE
RETROACTIVE • New information interferes with the retrieval of recently learned material • RINO (Retroactive Interference New information interferes with Old information) NEW OLD INTERFERES
PROACTIVE • This is the opposite to retroactive • Old information interferes with the ability to remember New information • PION (Proactive Interference Old information interferes with New information) OLD NEW INTERFERES
MOTIVATED FORGETTING • This is forgetting that occurs because of a strong desire to forget • This is usually because of a disturbing or upsetting experience • There are two types of motivated forgetting REPRESSION and SUPPRESSIONS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlX3P7GsgkE
MOTIVATED FORGETTING THEORY Forgetting occurs because we are motivated unconsciously to forget
REPRESSION • Is an unconscious process • The individual blocks memory of an event or experience • The individual will do this because it is too psychologically painful to remember the information • The famous psychologist Freud believed that this type of repression was a form of self defence • He believed that these memories were not lost- however they were very difficult to retrieve • Read page 390
SUPPRESSION • This involves the deliberate effort to keep a memory from our consciousness • They choose not to think about it
DECAY THEORY Forgetting occurs because the physical trace created by a new memory fades over times because of disuse.:
DECAY THEORY • This theory suggests that memories that are not used become weaker and weaker as time goes on • Unused memories may decay to a point where they are no longer able to be recollected
Organic Causes of Forgetting Suggests that forgetting occurs due to physiological damage, such as amnesia. There are 2 types of amnesiaRetrograde AmnesiaDamage affects a person’s ability to retrieve memories before the damage occurred. Nearly always return (inability to remember old memories)Anterograde AmnesiaThe most common type. An inability to form new memories. Unable to recover memories (inability to form new ones)
WORK TO COMPLETE 1) READ- Chapter 7 THEORIES of FORGETTING 2) FOGETTING handout matching the term with the definition. 3) Theories of forgetting Revision test 4) STUDY ON- questions on the theories
Manipulation and Improvement ofMemory CHAPTER 8
Quality of Encoding • The quality of retrieval from LTM depends on how well you store or organise that information. • Information that is organised well as it is being encoded into LTM is far more likely to be successfully retrieved at a later time
Organisation • Is the process of grouping individual items together • Grouping is the forming of a relationship between two items • You probably do it a lot without realising it
Dog Couch Tulip Cat Rose Kitchen Bed Pig Wattle If asked you may remember these under the following groupings ANIMALS FLOWERS HOUSEHOLD ITEMS Organisation of Information
Context- Dependant Cues Ever gone back to your old primary school and a rush of memories come back to you? That’s because you have put yourself back in that context (or situation) where the memories were first formed and so retrieving them from LTM becomes easier
Context- Dependant Cues • These are environmental cues that act as retrieval cues to help you access the memories • These cues may be sights, sounds and smells within a specific situation • Eg having a test in the same room you learnt the information is an advantage to recalling that knowledge from LTM
STATE DEPENDANT CUES • There is evidence that shows that if learning took place while you were in a certain physiological state or mood, that you will recall that information better if you put yourself back in the same state when trying to recall from LTM. • These are internal cues thatare associated with the physiological or psychological state
STATE DEPENDANT CUES • Feeling happymakes you remember happy memories • feeling sad makes you remember sad memories
MNEMONIC DEVICES • These are techniques for enhancing or improving memory • These can be visual or verbal • Mnemonic strategies are always internal- writing a shopping list on a piece of paper is not a mnemonic strategy because it relies on external cues
ACRONYMS • ACRONYMS • pronounceable words using the first letter to act as a cue for the term to be recalled • Eg Roy G Biv • ANZAC etc
ACROSTICS • These are phrases or poems where the first letter of each words functions to help with recall. • The difference here is that the letters are REFORMULATED so that the letters form a SENTENCE • EG Never Eat Soggy Weetbix • North, East , South, West
NARRATIVE CHAINING • Also known as the link method because it involves linking an item on a list with the previous one. • You do this when you have a list of words and turn them onto a story or song for you to remember them
NARRATIVE CHAINING • EG Farmer, dart, skate, hedge, colony, duck furniture A farmer darted out of the forest, skated around a hedge, stepped on a colonyof ducks and tripped on some furniture.
