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DEFINITION OF FGM

DEFINITION OF FGM. Comprises all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non medical reasons. World Health Organisation 2014. A RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH.

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DEFINITION OF FGM

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  1. DEFINITION OF FGM Comprises all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non medical reasons. World Health Organisation 2014

  2. A RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH Female genital mutilation (FGM) violates the following human rights The right to health The rights of the child The right to be free from gender discrimination The right to life and physical integrity All children shall enjoy special protection, and shall be given opportunities and facilities, by law and by other means, to enable them to develop physically, mentally, morally, spiritually and socially in a healthy and normal manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity Declaration of the Rights of the Child 1959

  3. Prevalence of Female Genital Cutting Scaled 2011

  4. KEY COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN • Countries with the highest prevalence are: • Somalia (98%) • Guinea (96%) • Djibouti (93%) • Egypt (91%) • Eritrea (89%) • Mali (89%) • Sierra Leone (88%) • Sudan (88%) • Gambia (76%) • Burkina Faso (76%) • Ethiopia (74%) - UNICEF

  5. WHEN AT RISK OF FGM Afterbirth of a child Teenagers At birth Infancy In Somalia and Chad, most girls undergo FGM between the ages of 5-9 years Malaysia many under 1 year In Nigeria, Eritrea and Mali, most girls undergo FGM be-fore the age of 5 In Kenya and Egypt, most girls undergo FGM after the age of 10 Neonatal period Before or at marriage Childhood In 50% of cases FGM is carried out before the age of five

  6. MISCONCEPTIONS • Social obligation/ acceptance/ rite of passage • Reducing sexual desire, fear of clitoris and sexuality, keeping virginity • Religious requirement • Readiness for marriage and adulthood • Purify the body/clean, aesthetics • Protects against material want

  7. FGM TYPES WHO FGM Classification: Type IV UNICEF: cut/nicked, no flesh removed Normal Female Genital Anatomy

  8. WHO: Type I WHO: Type II UNICEF: Cut andflesh removedwith or without stitching UNICEF: Cut andflesh removed

  9. WHO: Type III (deinfibulation) UNICEF : Cut, flesh removed and sewn closed

  10. COMPLICATIONS OF FGM • Haemorrhage • Sepsis • Death • Urinary retention • Tetanus and gangrene • Infections (e.g., HIV, Hepatitis) Immediate/short-term consequences Long-term consequences • Keloid scarring and cysts • Complications in pregnancy • Infertility • Recurrent urinary infections • Painful menstruation • Pain during intercourse

  11. THE UK LAW Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 makes it a criminal offence for any UK national or permanent resident to mutilate the whole or any part of a girl or woman’s genitalia As well as to have it carried out abroad, even in countries where the practice may be legal Or to aid, abet, counsel or procure the carrying out of FGM in the UK

  12. BROACHING THE TOPIC • Using the term mutilation may be upsetting to some patients • Try to be sensitiveand use value-neutral terms • Have you been cut down there? • Were you circumcised? • Have you been closed? Safeguarding women with FGM and girls at risk of undergoing FGM is everyone’s responsibility

  13. What can YOU do?

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