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MENANAM POHON UNTUK MEMANEN AIR HUJAN NERACA LENGAS

MENANAM POHON UNTUK MEMANEN AIR HUJAN NERACA LENGAS. Soemarno - psdl ppsub 2013. Vegetation and land-use effects on soil properties and water infiltration of Andisols in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) J. Neris, C. Jiménez , J. Fuentes, G. Morillas, M. Tejedor.

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MENANAM POHON UNTUK MEMANEN AIR HUJAN NERACA LENGAS

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  1. MENANAM POHON UNTUKMEMANEN AIR HUJANNERACA LENGAS Soemarno - psdlppsub2013

  2. Vegetation and land-use effects on soil properties and water infiltration of Andisols in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) J. Neris, C. Jiménez , J. Fuentes, G. Morillas, M. Tejedor. CATENA. Volume 98, November 2012, Pages 55–62 Andisols are soils with high structural development and aggregate stability, characteristics that play a major role in their high infiltration rate. They are, however, vulnerable to environmental changes, particularly those associated with land use modifications. The present work aims to ascertain the influence of modifications to land use as well as vegetation cover on the steady-state infiltration rate and associated properties of Andisols on the volcanic island of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). Thirty two sites were selected in three categories of land use/vegetation cover (green forest, pine forest and cropped areas). The infiltration rate was studied using a double ring infiltrometer. Other soil properties which influence infiltration – organic matter content, texture, structure, bulk density, water retention capacity and water repellency – were also studied. Infiltration is extremely rapid under green forest (796 mmh− 1) but falls considerably under pine forest (188 mmh− 1) and in formerly cropped soils (67 mmh− 1). The statistical analysis shows that the main soil properties affected by a change in land use/vegetation and which determine infiltration are soil aggregation, structural stability and, to a lesser extent, organic matter and bulk density. Compared to the green forest sites, a notable reduction in soil aggregation, structural stability and organic matter, and an increase in bulk density, are observed in the formerly cropped soils. Although less pronounced, the same tendency is seen also in the pine forest sites when compared to their green forest counterparts. The results confirm the vulnerability of Andisols' soil properties and infiltration to land use modification, while also highlighting the influence of the type of forest cover present. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0341816212001270 …..29/10/2012

  3. Vegetation and land-use effects on soil properties and water infiltration of Andisols in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) J. Neris, C. Jiménez , J. Fuentes, G. Morillas, M. Tejedor. CATENA. Volume 98, November 2012, Pages 55–62 Water repellence severity of different vegetation and land use types. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0341816212001270 …..29/10/2012

  4. Vegetation and land-use effects on soil properties and water infiltration of Andisols in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) J. Neris, C. Jiménez , J. Fuentes, G. Morillas, M. Tejedor. CATENA. Volume 98, November 2012, Pages 55–62 Influence of soil type, vegetation and land uses on steady infiltration rate (SIR) and classification according to Landon (1984), modified (Box plot: thick bar = median; upper and lower limits of the box = 75 and 25 percentiles, respectively). Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0341816212001270 …..29/10/2012

  5. Vegetation and land-use effects on soil properties and water infiltration of Andisols in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) J. Neris, C. Jiménez , J. Fuentes, G. Morillas, M. Tejedor. CATENA. Volume 98, November 2012, Pages 55–62 Hasil analisis PCA untuk berbagai tipe vegetasi dan landuse. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0341816212001270 …..29/10/2012

  6. Vegetation and land-use effects on soil properties and water infiltration of Andisols in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) J. Neris, C. Jiménez , J. Fuentes, G. Morillas, M. Tejedor. CATENA. Volume 98, November 2012, Pages 55–62 Hubungan antara infiltrasi dan sifat-sifat tanah (organic carbon, bulk density, water retention, soil aggregation dan stabilitas agregat tanah). Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0341816212001270 …..29/10/2012

  7. Effects of vegetation-related soil heterogeneity on Runoff, infiltration, and redistribution in semi-arid Shrubland and grassland landscapes David Ralph Bedford B.S., Colorado state university, 1996 Model Konseptual proses redistribusi air hujan dalam hubungannya dengan vegetasi dan sifat-sifat tanah Diunduh dari sumber: http://gradworks.umi.com/3337180.pdf …..29/10/2012

  8. Effects of vegetation-related soil heterogeneity on Runoff, infiltration, and redistribution in semi-arid Shrubland and grassland landscapes David Ralph Bedford B.S., Colorado state university, 1996 Hubungan antara relief microtopographic dan runoff untuk berbagai karakter hujan. Shaded area denotes the roughness of the “Lower1” plot Diunduh dari sumber: http://gradworks.umi.com/3337180.pdf …..29/10/2012

  9. Effects of vegetation-related soil heterogeneity on Runoff, infiltration, and redistribution in semi-arid Shrubland and grassland landscapes David Ralph Bedford B.S., Colorado state university, 1996 Infiltration variability (left-hand panel) for different patterns (right-hand panels) of Ksat (dashed line) and Zm (solid line). Ksat varies by 2x. Error bars denote the standard deviation; values greater than unity suggest redistribution. Topography profiles have a 10x exaggeration Diunduh dari sumber: http://gradworks.umi.com/3337180.pdf …..29/10/2012

  10. The effect of vegetation on infiltration in shallow soils underlain by fissured bedrock S.A. Stothoff, D. Or, D.P. Groeneveld, S.B. Jones Journal of Hydrology 218 (1999) 169-190. Ongoing investigations of infiltration processes have identified the relatively horizontal caprock environment above portions of the repository as a potentially large source of infiltrating waters, due to shallow, permeable soils above a moderately welded tuff with large soil-filled fissures. The combination of shallow soils and fissured bedrock allows rapid penetration of wetting pulses to below the rooting zone. Plant uptake can strongly reduce net infiltration in arid environments with high water storage capacity, and, despite the low water storage capacity, there is a relatively high vegetation density in this environment. The apparent discrepancy between high vegetation density and low water storage motivates the study of plant-hydrologic interactions in this semiarid environment. Field observations were coupled with plant- and landscape-scale models to provide insight into plant-hydrologic interactions. Several lines of evidence, including: (i) linear plant growth features observed on aerial photographs; (ii) comparisons of plant cover within the fissured environment and comparable environments lacking fissures; and (iii) direct excavations, all suggest that the widely spaced soil- filled fissures are conducive to plant growth even when fissures are buried at soil depths exceeding 30 cm. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.hydrobio.org/publications/DG_99_Veg_Effect_YM_Infiltration_JH.pdf…..29/10/2012

  11. The effect of vegetation on infiltration in shallow soils underlain by fissured bedrock S.A. Stothoff, D. Or, D.P. Groeneveld, S.B. Jones Journal of Hydrology 218 (1999) 169-190. Results from a mechanistic simulation model for root growth into fissures suggest that the additional (sheltered) plant-available soil water within fissures provides a competitive advantage for plant establishment. Therefore, plants that germinate above a fissure are more likely to survive, in turn developing linear features above fissures. Having established that plants preferentially root within soil-filled fissures in the caprock environment, a set of simulations were performed to examine the hydrologic consequence of plant roots within fissures at the landscape-scale. The response to three rainfall amounts was simulated. For the largest storm, fluxes at the fissure bottom peaked at 1-4 weeks after the storm when plant uptake was not active, but were eliminated when fissures had active vegetation. When plants were active within a fissure, uptake eliminated net infiltration in the fissure regardless of the size of the storm. Two plant-related mechanisms reduced total flux through the plant-filled fissures: (i) transpiration during fissure flow, and (ii) wetting-pulse retardation due to drier fissures prior to rain. The first mechanism appears to be dominant in these simulations. Results suggest that transpiration may strongly limit net infiltration (i.e. total deep percolation flux escaping the plant root zone); significant infiltration can occur, however, when plants are dormant, so that most infiltration would be expected to occur during winter. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.hydrobio.org/publications/DG_99_Veg_Effect_YM_Infiltration_JH.pdf…..29/10/2012

  12. The effect of vegetation on infiltration in shallow soils underlain by fissured bedrock S.A. Stothoff, D. Or, D.P. Groeneveld, S.B. Jones Journal of Hydrology 218 (1999) 169-190. Hydrologic interactions have been less examined in shallow soils underlain by fractured bedrock. Several studies are discussed by Sternberg et al. (1996). They note that in many mountainous sites with shallow soils, soil water storage is inadequate to support existing vegetation and several studies have found that roots of woody plants may penetrate many meters into bedrock along fracture planes and joints. In a field study with highly weathered bedrock, Sternberg et al. (1996) found that the bedrock supplied nearly ten times as much water than did the soil, suggesting that weathered bedrock may form an important ecosystem component. Sternberg, P.D., Anderson, M.A., Graham, R.C., Beyers, J.L., Rice. K.R., 1996. Root distribution and seasonal water status in weathered granitic bedrock under chapparal. Geoderma 72, 89-98. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.hydrobio.org/publications/DG_99_Veg_Effect_YM_Infiltration_JH.pdf…..29/10/2012

  13. The effect of vegetation on infiltration in shallow soils underlain by fissured bedrock S.A. Stothoff, D. Or, D.P. Groeneveld, S.B. Jones Journal of Hydrology 218 (1999) 169-190. Ciri-ciri hidrologis dari caprock. The mildly sloping caprock surface is overlain by loamy sand soil of variable thickness, from exposed caprock to depths of about 0.5 m. Soil texture varies with depth from loamy sand to loam, typically features a light desert pavement at the surface, and exhibits occasional embedded rock shards and fragments at all depths. The fine-content composition (<2 mm) is remarkably spatially uniform. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.hydrobio.org/publications/DG_99_Veg_Effect_YM_Infiltration_JH.pdf…..29/10/2012

  14. The effect of vegetation on infiltration in shallow soils underlain by fissured bedrock S.A. Stothoff, D. Or, D.P. Groeneveld, S.B. Jones Journal of Hydrology 218 (1999) 169-190. Model untuk investigasi pertumbuhan akar : (a) fissured bedrock system, and (b) solid bedrock (no fissure exists). Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.hydrobio.org/publications/DG_99_Veg_Effect_YM_Infiltration_JH.pdf…..29/10/2012

  15. The effect of vegetation on infiltration in shallow soils underlain by fissured bedrock S.A. Stothoff, D. Or, D.P. Groeneveld, S.B. Jones Journal of Hydrology 218 (1999) 169-190. Simulated root systems after 90 d of growth: (a) side view of the entire root system for the fissure simulation: (b)-(d) expanded views of the top of the root system for the fissure simulation. from the top, parallel to the tissure, and perpendicular to the fissure, respectively: (e)-(g) the entire root system for the solid-bedrock (no fissure) simulation from the same directions as in (b)-(d). Shaded areas represent bedrock while white areas denote soil. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.hydrobio.org/publications/DG_99_Veg_Effect_YM_Infiltration_JH.pdf…..29/10/2012

  16. The effect of vegetation on infiltration in shallow soils underlain by fissured bedrock S.A. Stothoff, D. Or, D.P. Groeneveld, S.B. Jones Journal of Hydrology 218 (1999) 169-190. Water flux in each of the five fissures following a 100 mm precipitation event: (a) and (b) top (T) and bottom (B) of soil-filled portion without plant uptake; (c) and (d) top (T) and bottom (B) of soil-filled portion with plant uptake. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.hydrobio.org/publications/DG_99_Veg_Effect_YM_Infiltration_JH.pdf…..29/10/2012

  17. Throughfall, stemflow, and canopy interception loss fluxes in a semi-arid Sierra Madre Oriental matorral community D.E Carlyle-Moses Journal of Arid Environments. Volume 58, Issue 2, July 2004, Pages 181–202 Gross precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow were measured in a representative matorral subinerme study plot within a small montane basin of the Sierra Madre Oriental throughout three wet season periods. Data analysis suggests that of the 394.8 mm of cumulative gross precipitation generated by 25 sampled events, throughfall, stemflow, and canopy interception loss fluxes were 329.0±7.7 mm (83.3±1.9%), 33.5±7.6 mm (8.5±1.9%), and 32.3±10.8 mm (8.2±2.7%), respectively. Stemflow from four woody plant stems was found to be moderately correlated (r=0.54) with the product of gross precipitation multiplied by stem basal area, while the season-long Herwitz (Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 11 (1986) 401) funneling ratios for these stems averaged 21.1. The relatively large concentrations of water delivered to the bases of these plants suggest that stemflow generation may be a means of surviving drought conditions. The importance of and possible factors influencing during-event evaporation from the saturated matorral subinerme canopy, as well as recommendations for future canopy water flux studies in this plant community, are discussed. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196303001253…..30/10/2012

  18. Throughfall, stemflow, and canopy interception loss fluxes in a semi-arid Sierra Madre Oriental matorral community D.E Carlyle-Moses Journal of Arid Environments. Volume 58, Issue 2, July 2004, Pages 181–202 Huungan antara hujan bruto (mm) dengan kedalaman throughfall (mm) pada kondisi tajuki musim basah. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196303001253…..30/10/2012

  19. Throughfall, stemflow, and canopy interception loss fluxes in a semi-arid Sierra Madre Oriental matorral community D.E Carlyle-Moses Journal of Arid Environments. Volume 58, Issue 2, July 2004, Pages 181–202 Throughfall sebagai persentase dari hujan bruto (mm) dalam komunitas “matorral subinerme” di bawah kondisi tajuk musim basah. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196303001253…..30/10/2012

  20. Throughfall, stemflow, and canopy interception loss fluxes in a semi-arid Sierra Madre Oriental matorral community D.E Carlyle-Moses Journal of Arid Environments. Volume 58, Issue 2, July 2004, Pages 181–202 Volume aliran-batang Stemflow (l) sebagai fungsi dari hujan bruto (mm) × luas basal batang di lokasi petak-uji “matorral subinerme”. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196303001253…..30/10/2012

  21. Throughfall, stemflow, and canopy interception loss fluxes in a semi-arid Sierra Madre Oriental matorral community D.E Carlyle-Moses Journal of Arid Environments. Volume 58, Issue 2, July 2004, Pages 181–202 Intersepsi tajuk (mm) merupakan fungsi dari hujan bruto (mm) dalam komunitas “subinerme community” pada kondisi tajuk musim basah. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196303001253…..30/10/2012

  22. Throughfall, stemflow, and canopy interception loss fluxes in a semi-arid Sierra Madre Oriental matorral community D.E Carlyle-Moses Journal of Arid Environments. Volume 58, Issue 2, July 2004, Pages 181–202 Intersepsi tajuk (%) sebagai fungsi dari hujan bruto (mm) dalam komunitas “matorral subinerme” pada kondisi tajuk musim basah. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196303001253…..30/10/2012

  23. . Alteration of the hydrologic cycle due to forest clearing and its consequences for rainforest succession M. Francisca Díaz, Seth Bigelow, , Juan J. Armesto. Forest Ecology and Management. Volume 244, Issues 1–3, 15 June 2007, Pages 32–40. We hypothesized that the arrested conversion back to forests may reflect a nearly permanent condition associated with a rise in the water table. To evaluate this possibility we acquired data from a 60-year old evergreen forest and an area in shrub cover to parameterize two hydrologic models; one that accounts for hourly interception losses and predicts net precipitation (Gash model), the other that calculates hourly transpiration from both overstory and understory components as well as evaporation from the soil (a modified Penman–Monteith model). In addition, standpipes were installed to record water table levels over 18 months. The fraction of a total annual precipitation (∼2100 mm) transpired by shrub and forest cover differed (8% versus 22%) roughly in proportion to differences in the leaf area index (2.2 versus 5.0). Although whole canopy (stomatal) conductances were similar, the aerodynamic conductance was more than three-fold higher for forests compared with shrub cover (∼12 mol m−2 s−1 versus 3 mol m−2 s−1). The frequent wetting of tree canopies, combined with an average wind speed of 0.74 m s−1, resulted in ∼30% interception losses from forests compared with 1% of annual precipitation lost through this pathway from shrub cover. As a result of these differences, only about half of the precipitation enters the ground under forest cover compared to 90% under shrub cover. This difference in canopy interception losses accounts for a rise in the water table from an average of 45–10 cm. The high water table prevents normal tree regeneration. This condition is stable unless an effort is made to provide an elevated substrate for tree seedlings to become established. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112707002447…..31/10/2012

  24. . Alteration of the hydrologic cycle due to forest clearing and its consequences for rainforest succession M. Francisca Díaz, Seth Bigelow, , Juan J. Armesto. Forest Ecology and Management. Volume 244, Issues 1–3, 15 June 2007, Pages 32–40. Canopy (a) and aerodynamic (b) conductance from forest (closed circles) and successional shrubland (open circles) in Chiloé Islands. Measurements were made during one clear day on April 2002, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112707002447…..31/10/2012

  25. . Alteration of the hydrologic cycle due to forest clearing and its consequences for rainforest succession M. Francisca Díaz, Seth Bigelow, , Juan J. Armesto. Forest Ecology and Management. Volume 244, Issues 1–3, 15 June 2007, Pages 32–40. Water balance model for a young (60-year old) broad-leaved, evergreen forest in northern Chiloé Island, based on parameters estimated in this work for the period 2002–2003. Percentages are relative to total precipitation (P). I: interception; T: transpiration; E: evaporation; ET: evapotranspiration; Sf: stemflow; Th: throughfall; Pnet: net precipitation. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112707002447…..31/10/2012

  26. . Alteration of the hydrologic cycle due to forest clearing and its consequences for rainforest succession M. Francisca Díaz, Seth Bigelow, , Juan J. Armesto. Forest Ecology and Management. Volume 244, Issues 1–3, 15 June 2007, Pages 32–40. Water balance model for secondary shrubland, established after clearcutting of forest in northern Chiloé Island. This picture shows differences in model parameters in response to canopy removal. Model was based on parameters estimated in this work for the period 2002–2003. Percentages are relative to total precipitation (P). I: interception; T: transpiration; E: evaporation; ET: evapotranspiration; Pnet: net precipitation. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112707002447…..31/10/2012

  27. . Alteration of the hydrologic cycle due to forest clearing and its consequences for rainforest succession M. Francisca Díaz, Seth Bigelow, , Juan J. Armesto. Forest Ecology and Management. Volume 244, Issues 1–3, 15 June 2007, Pages 32–40. Groundwater depth in a secondary shrubland and adjacent broad-leaved forest stand in northern Chiloé Island for the period 2002–2003. Circles are mean monthly values of water table depth ± 1S.E. in secondary shrubland (open) and forest (closed). Bars are monthly precipitation values for the same period in mm. Horizontal line at 60 cm depth indicates maximum depth of detection and the approximate position of the hardpan layer. Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112707002447…..31/10/2012

  28. Initially all the precipitation is intercepted by the foliage and the area underneath remains dry. If the precipitation continues, eventually the canopy will become saturated and water will drip through the foliage to the ground as throughfall or down the trunk (via the branches) as stemflow. These processes occur on a smaller scale with smaller plants. Diunduh dari sumber: http://learning.covcollege.ac.uk/content/Jorum/cat3_cp/catch106.htm …..31/10/2012

  29. SIKLUS HIDROLOGI Diunduh dari sumber: http://learning.covcollege.ac.uk/content/Jorum/cat3_cp/catch085.htm …..31/10/2012

  30. SIKLUS HIDROLOGI Soil water storage is the quantity of water held in the soil at any given point in time. It is usually applied to a soil layer of a given depth (often between 30cm and 100cm). Water is held in the soil by the attraction of water molecules to each other and to soil particles. Water is held in one of three ways. Diunduh dari sumber: http://learning.covcollege.ac.uk/content/Jorum/cat3_cp/catch087.htm …..31/10/2012

  31. VEGETATION AND CANOPY STORAGE After the precipitation has finished the vegetation and soil surfaces are wet because of interception. Under the right conditions evaporation , which took place even when rain was falling, will continue. Transpiration , which takes place through the stomata of plants, will also continue. Water is stored in the canopy ( interception ) and within the plant tissues (vegetation storage). Vegetation storage ( VS ) is the volume of water stored in the canopy and the plant tissues. Diunduh dari sumber: http://learning.covcollege.ac.uk/content/Jorum/cat3_cp/catch088.htm ….. 31/10/2012

  32. Groundwater storage Groundwater can be present with the soil, superficial deposits and solid rock. Kalau tanah kering, biasanya laju infiltrasinya tinggi.  As more water is added to the soil over time it becomes wetter and the infiltration rate declines. This is usually shown as a graph of infiltration rate (mm hr -1) plotted against time. Diunduh dari sumber: http://learning.covcollege.ac.uk/content/Jorum/cat3_cp/catch120.htm …..31/10/2012

  33. INTERSEPSI Precipitation (rain in this example) begins. Some of the rain falls on the vegetation and is caught by the leaves and branches. This process is called interception and is a storage component of the hydrological system. The water is stored on the vegetation foliage. Water can also be intercepted by urban surfaces e.g. roofs, pavements and roads as well as by vegetation. Diunduh dari sumber: http://learning.covcollege.ac.uk/content/Jorum/cat3_cp/catch095.htm …..29/10/2012

  34. TRANSPIRASI Transpiration is the loss of water from the vascular system of plants to the atmosphere. This occurs via stomata (small openings in leaves). This is a biologically controlled process and forms an output from the hydrological system. The plant draws water from the soil into roots, up through the plant and transpires it from stomata on leaves. Stomata respond to daylight and therefore transpiration occurs during the day. Transpiration depends on the factors affecting evaporation and also on: time of day type and amount of vegetation length of growing season time of year (especially for deciduous plants) Diunduh dari sumber: http://learning.covcollege.ac.uk/content/Jorum/cat3_cp/catch093.htm….. 31/10/2012

  35. Tree rings and streamflow The soil moisture around an individual tree reflects the overall water balance of a river basin (precipitation minus evapotranspiration) and thus the amount of streamflow produced by the basin. http://treeflow.info/lees/treering.html

  36. . Soil water balance Evapotranspirationcan also be determined by measuring the various components of the soil water balance. The method consists of assessing the incoming and outgoing water flux into the crop root zone over some time period (Figure 6). Irrigation (I) and rainfall (P) add water to the root zone. Part of I and P might be lost by surface runoff (RO) and by deep percolation (DP) that will eventually recharge the water table. Water might also be transported upward by capillary rise (CR) from a shallow water table towards the root zone or even transferred horizontally by subsurface flow in (SFin) or out of (SFout) the root zone. In many situations, however, except under conditions with large slopes, SFin and SFout are minor and can be ignored. Soil evaporation and crop transpiration deplete water from the root zone. If all fluxes other than evapotranspiration (ET) can be assessed, the evapotranspiration can be deduced from the change in soil water content (D SW) over the time period: ET = I + P - RO - DP + CR ± D SF ± D SW ….. (2) Some fluxes such as subsurface flow, deep percolation and capillary rise from a water table are difficult to assess and short time periods cannot be considered. The soil water balance method can usually only give ET estimates over long time periods of the order of week-long or ten-day periods. www.fao.org/docrep/x0490e/x0490e04.htm

  37. . Soil water balance www.fao.org/docrep/x0490e/x0490e04.htm

  38. Soil water balance The estimation of Ks requires a daily water balance computation for the root zone. Schematically the root zone can be presented by means of a container in which the water content may fluctuate. To express the water content as root zone depletion is useful. It makes the adding and subtracting of losses and gains straightforward as the various parameters of the soil water budget are usually expressed in terms of water depth. Rainfall, irrigation and capillary rise of groundwater towards the root zone add water to the root zone and decrease the root zone depletion. Soil evaporation, crop transpiration and percolation losses remove water from the root zone and increase the depletion. http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0490e/x0490e0e.htm

  39. SIKLUS HIDROLOGI Underground and Overland Flow. Water originating from a source other than onsite precipitation may be an important component of an ecosystem's water balance. Water flowing in surface channels or in shallow groundwater reserves may be accessed by deep-rooted trees and shrubs. When roots reach a water table the plants are referred to as phreatophytes. Phreatophytic communities (e.g., oases and riparian communities) are an important component of and ecosystems. http://cnrit.tamu.edu/rlem/textbook/Chapter6.htm

  40. Significance of tree roots for preferential infiltration in stagnic soilsB. Lange1,2, P. Lüescher1, and P. F. Germann Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1809-1821, 2009 It is generally recognized that roots have an effect on infiltration. In this study we analysed the relation between root length distributions from Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst), silver fir (Abies alba Miller), European beech (Fagussylvatica L.) and preferential infiltration in stagnic soils in the northern Pre-Alps in Switzerland. We conducted irrigation experiments (1 m2) and recorded water content variations with time domain reflectometry (TDR). A rivulet approach was applied to characterise preferential infiltration. Roots were sampled down to a depth of 0.5 to 1 m at the same position where the TDR-probes had been inserted and digitally measured. http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/1809/2009/hess-13-1809-2009.html

  41. Significance of tree roots for preferential infiltration in stagnic soilsB. Lange1,2, P. Lüescher1, and P. F. Germann Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1809-1821, 2009 The basic properties of preferential infiltration, film thickness of mobile water and the contact length between soil and mobile water in the horizontal plane are closely related to root densities. An increase in root density resulted in an increase in contact length, but a decrease in film thickness. We modelled water content waves based on root densities and identified a range of root densities that lead to a maximum volume flux density and infiltration capacity. These findings provide convincing evidence that tree roots in stagnic soils represent the pore system that carries preferential infiltration. Thus, the presence of roots should improve infiltration. http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/1809/2009/hess-13-1809-2009.html

  42. Heterogeneous Soil Water Dynamics around a Tree Growing on a Steep Hillslope Wei-Li Liang, Ken'ichirouKosugi and TakahisaMizuyama Vadose Zone Journal 2007. Vol. 6 No. 4, p. 879-889 The results showed that the soil water content increased rapidly and greatly in the region downslope from the tree stem, especially at points close to the tree stem. At these points, maximal soil water storage was >100 to 200% of the cumulative open-area rainfall, and occurrences of bypass flow were recognized. Moreover, the pore water pressure at the soil–bedrock interface increased more rapidly and to a greater degree in the region downslope from the tree stem than in the upslope region. https://www.soils.org/publications/vzj/abstracts/6/4/879

  43. Heterogeneous Soil Water Dynamics around a Tree Growing on a Steep Hillslope Wei-Li Liang, Ken'ichirouKosugi and TakahisaMizuyama Vadose Zone Journal 2007. Vol. 6 No. 4, p. 879-889 For a heavy storm event, the cumulative stemflow per infiltration area along the downslope sides of the tree trunk was 18.9 times the cumulative open-area rainfall. Locally concentrated rainwater input attributable to the stemflow on the downslope side of the tree trunk probably caused the large and rapid increases in water content and pore water pressure in the downslope region, resulting in the development of an asymmetric saturated zone around the tree. https://www.soils.org/publications/vzj/abstracts/6/4/879

  44. Ilstedt, U., Malmer, A., Verbeeten, E., Murdiyarso, D. 2007. The effect of afforestation on water infiltration in the tropics: systematic review and meta-analysis . Forest Ecology and Management 251 :45-51. ISSN: 0378-1127. Soil water infiltration influences groundwater recharge and potential top soil loss by erosion, as well as the partitioning of runoff into slow flow and quick flow. The aim of the work presented here was to critically review studies of the effects of afforestation on infiltrability in the tropics, using a systematic review approach to select peer-reviewed articles published in English and French. We then applied meta-analysis to test the hypothesis that afforestation or the use of trees in agriculture increases infiltration capacity. After assessing titles and abstracts, on the basis of specified selection and quality criteria, four references remained, comprising 14 comparative experiments. http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/19743

  45. Ilstedt, U., Malmer, A., Verbeeten, E., Murdiyarso, D. 2007. The effect of afforestation on water infiltration in the tropics: systematic review and meta-analysis . Forest Ecology and Management 251 :45-51. ISSN: 0378-1127. The overall result of the meta-analysis was that infiltration capacity increased on average approximately three-fold after afforestation or planting trees in agricultural fields (95% confidence interval: 2.4–4.7). For the meta-analysis, the most common problems resulting in exclusion of otherwise relevant experiments were issues with the experimental design, and the absence of statistics (variances and replicates). Even considering the studies that were excluded in the meta analysis (a total of six), the low number of studies examining the effects of afforestation is a severe problem with respect to modelling and examining the underlying processes associated with the full range of different edaphic situations, different species and different methods of establishment. http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/19743

  46. Significance of tree roots for preferential infiltrationin stagnic soils B. Lange, P. Luescher, and P. F. Germann Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 5, 2373–2407, 2008 It is generally believed that roots have an effect on infiltration. In this study we analysed the influence of tree roots from Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst), silver fir (Abies alba Miller) and European beech (Fagussylvatica L.) on preferential infiltration in stagnicsoils in the northern pre-Alps in Switzerland. We conducted irrigation experiments (1m2) and recorded water content variations with time domain reflectrometry (TDR). A rivulet approach was applied to characterise preferential infiltration. Roots were sampled down to a depth of 0.5 to 1m at the same position where the TDR-probes had been inserted and digitally measured. The basic properties of preferential infiltration, filmthickness of mobile water and the contact length between soil and mobile water in the horizontal plane are closely related to fine root densities. An increase in root density resulted in an increase in contact length, but a decrease in film thickness. We modelled water content waves based on fine root densities and identified a range of root densities that lead to a maximum volume flux density and infiltration capacity. www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/5/2373/.../hessd-5-2373-2008.pdf‎

  47. The effect of afforestation on water infiltration in the tropics: A systematic review and meta-analysis UlrikIlstedt, Anders Malmer, ElkeVerbeeten, Daniel Murdiyarso Soil water infiltrationinfluences groundwater recharge and potential top soil loss by erosion, as well as the partitioning of runoff into slow flow and quick flow. The aim of thework presented herewas to critically review studies of the effects of afforestation on infiltrability in the tropics, using a systematic review approach to select peer-reviewed articles published in English and French. We then applied meta-analysis to test the hypothesis that afforestation or the use of trees in agriculture increases infiltration capacity. After assessing titles and abstracts, on the basis of specified selection and quality criteria, four references remained, comprising 14 comparative experiments. www.aseanbiodiversity.info/abstract/51009844.pdf‎

  48. The effect of afforestation on water infiltration in the tropics: A systematic review and meta-analysis UlrikIlstedt, Anders Malmer, ElkeVerbeeten, Daniel Murdiyarso The overall result of the meta-analysis was that infiltrationcapacity increased on average approximately three-fold after afforestation or planting trees in agricultural fields (95% confidence interval: 2.4–4.7). For the meta-analysis, the most common problems resulting in exclusion of otherwise relevant experiments were issues with the experimental design, and the absence of statistics (variances and replicates). Even considering the studies that were excluded in themeta analysis (a total of six), the low number of studies examining the effects of afforestation is a severe problem with respect to modelling and examining the underlying processes associated with the full range of different edaphic situations, different species and different methods of establishment. www.aseanbiodiversity.info/abstract/51009844.pdf‎

  49. Austral Ecology (2005) 30, 336–347 Ecosystem wicks: Woodland trees enhance water infiltrationin a fragmented agricultural landscape in eastern Australia DAVID J. ELDRIDGE, AND DAVID FREUDENBERGER. We examined infiltration through coarse- and fine-textured soils within four landscape strata, the zones below Eucalyptus melliodora and Callitrisglaucophylla canopies, the intertreezone dominated by perennial grasses and a landscape homogenized by cultivation and dominated by annual crops. We measured sorptivity, the early phase of water flow, and steady-state infiltration with disc permeameters at two supply potentials. These different potentials enabled us to separate infiltration into (i) flow through large (biopores) and small pores and (ii) flow through small pores only where biopores are prevented from conducting water.

  50. Austral Ecology (2005) 30, 336–347 Ecosystem wicks: Woodland trees enhance water infiltrationin a fragmented agricultural landscape in eastern Australia DAVID J. ELDRIDGE, AND DAVID FREUDENBERGER. On the fine-textured soils, both sorptivity and steady-state infiltration were significantly greater (approximately fivefold) under the timbered strata compared with the grassy slopes or cultivation. Differences were attributable to the greater proportion of macropores below the tree canopies compared with the nontimbered strata. The lack of a significant difference on the coarse-textured soils, despite their macropore status, was attributed to differences in surface litter and plant cover, which would maintain continuous macropores at the surface and thus conduct large amounts of water. The tendency of slopes covered by cryptogamic crusts and grasses to shed run-off and for the trees to absorb substantial quantities of water reinforced the important ecological service provided by trees, which moderates large run-off events and captures small amounts of water leaking from the grassy patches.

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