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Propaganda

Propaganda. Derives from Latin word for “ propagate ” From the name of a missionary organization started by Pope Gregory XV in 1623, Congregatio de propaganda fide (Congregation for Propagating the Faith)

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Propaganda

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  1. Propaganda • Derives from Latin word for “propagate” • From the name of a missionary organization started by Pope Gregory XV in 1623, Congregatio de propaganda fide (Congregation for Propagating the Faith) • Common definition: (the spreading of) ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping an institution, cause, or person

  2. “Appeals”: Methods Used Glamor (2) Shame (1) Fear (4) Name-Calling (1) Glittering Generalities (1)

  3. Glamor Appeal German WWII propaganda poster

  4. Glamour Appeal American WWII propaganda poster

  5. Shame Appeal American WWII propaganda poster

  6. Fear Appeal American WWI propaganda poster

  7. Fear Appeal: Demonization • Make the enemy inhuman and, therefore, easier to exclude • Hide the enemy’s eyes; give “it” demonic features • Less human suggests less moral • “Evangelical references satanizedthe enemy, and imparted a sense of justice, even holiness, on the actions the Allies were taking against them. Source for quotations: http://www.duke.edu/~ejh2/ps120/method.htm

  8. Undoing Demonization? “In creating deep-seated beliefs to garner support for the war, propagandists effectively made it more difficult to end the war. How does a nation transform itself from the great demon of the time to a friendly neighbor once again?The second World War started, in part, because of the peace that ended the first Great War. World War I propaganda might thus have contributed, though indirectly, to the start of World War II.” Source: http://www.duke.edu/~ejh2/ps120/method.htm

  9. Fear Appeal British WWII propaganda poster

  10. Fear Appeal Australian WWII propaganda poster

  11. Fear Appeal These images appeal to darker impulses, fostering feelings of suspicion, fear, and even hate.” Source: Nat’l Archives Exhibit on U.S. in WWII http://wae.clever.net/webcat/powers/powers.htm American WWII propaganda poster

  12. The name-calling technique links a person, or idea, to a negative symbol. The propagandist who uses this technique hopes that the audience will reject the person or the idea on the basis of the negative symbol, instead of looking at the available evidence. Methods: Name-Calling Definition Bad Names (less subtle) Negative Emotional Charge (more subtle) Source: http://carmen.artsci.washington.edu/propaganda/name.htm

  13. Commie • Fascist • Pig • Yuppie Scum • Queer • Feminazi Name-Calling Definition Bad Names: Source: http://carmen.artsci.washington.edu/propaganda/name.htm

  14. Name-Calling German WWII propaganda poster

  15. Name-Calling Definition • social engineering • radical • stingy” “A more subtle form of name-calling involves words or phrases that are selected because they possess a negative emotional charge. Those who oppose budget cuts may characterize fiscally conservative politicians as ‘stingy.’ Supporters might prefer to describe them as ‘thrifty.’ Both words refer to the same behavior, but they have very different connotations. Examples of negatively charged words include: Source: http://carmen.artsci.washington.edu/propaganda/name.htm

  16. Glittering Generalities … poster 9 of 10 Canadian WWII propaganda poster

  17. Glittering Generalities “We believe in, fight for, live byvirtue words about which we have deep-set ideas.Such words include civilization, Christianity, good, proper, right, democracy, patriotism, motherhood, fatherhood, science, medicine, health, and love. “…We call these virtue words "Glittering Generalities" in order to focus attention upon this dangerous characteristic that they have: They mean different things to different people; they can be used in different ways. “This is ... a criticism of the uses to which propagandists put the cherished words and beliefsof unsuspecting people.” Source: IPA website at http://carmen.artsci.washington.edu/propaganda/glitter.htm

  18. Glittering Generalities “The Glittering Generality is, in short, Name Calling in reverse. While Name Calling seeks to make us form a judgment to reject and condemn without examining the evidence, the Glittering Generality device seeks to make us approve and accept without examining the evidence. In acquainting ourselves with the Glittering Generality Device, therefore, all that has been said regarding Name Calling must be kept in mind…” See also: “Addendum to Propaganda” slide 5 Source: IPA website at http://carmen.artsci.washington.edu/propaganda/glitter.htm

  19. Red Herring • Logical Form: Argument A is presented by person 1. Person 2 introduces argument B. Argument A is abandoned. Red Herrings function as smoke screens; they illogically shift the conversation from one topic to another and hope the listeners/participants take the proverbial bait.

  20. Red Herring • Reporter: "Senator Snort, what about these allegations of taking campaign money from the Chinese?” • Sen. Snort: "I'm glad you asked me that. This bipartisan bill that I'm introducing will reform campaign finance in this country."

  21. Red Herring • Mike: It is morally wrong to cheat on your spouse, why on earth would you have done that? • Ken: But what is morality exactly? • Mike: It’s a code of conduct shared by cultures. • Ken: But who creates this code?... .

  22. Circular Argument • A type of reasoning in which the proposition is supported by the premises, which is supported by the proposition, creating a circle in reasoning where no useful information is being shared.  • Logical Form: • X is true because of Y. • Y is true because of X.

  23. Circular Argument “The Bible is the Word of God because God tells us it is... in the Bible.” "What you are doing must be criminal, otherwise it wouldn't be against the law"

  24. Alternate List of Methods Used • same • same • co-opt use of an emotion-stirring symbol • seem to align with a respected person • that leader is just like you or me • stack the deck: bias in giving evidence • “everyone’s doing it” • Alternate List: • Name-Calling • Glittering Generalities • Transfer • Testimonial • Plain Folks • Card-Stacking • Band Wagon Source: The Institute For Propaganda Analysis, 1937

  25. All these “propaganda methods” rely on fallacious logic Here is a particular type of syllogistic fallacy called “fallacy of the undistributed middle term.” • Premise 1: Bill Clinton supported gun-control legislation. • Premise 2: All fascist regimes of the twentieth century passed gun-control legislation. • Conclusion: Bill Clinton was a fascist. Source: IPA website at http://carmen.artsci.washington.edu/propaganda/logic.htm

  26. Summary: propaganda relies on its recipient notthinking Key question:Who thinks?

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