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Avian Models for the Comparative Biology of Aging and Evaluating Effects of Calorie Restriction

Avian Models for the Comparative Biology of Aging and Evaluating Effects of Calorie Restriction. Mary Ann Ottinger IPA, LEG/NIA Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. Why is an avian system of interest and is there relevance for other species/phyla?.

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Avian Models for the Comparative Biology of Aging and Evaluating Effects of Calorie Restriction

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  1. Avian Models for the Comparative Biology of Aging and Evaluating Effects of Calorie Restriction Mary Ann Ottinger IPA, LEG/NIA Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD

  2. Why is an avian system of interest and is there relevance for other species/phyla? • Understand basic biological processes, especially aging • Calorie restriction and has been used to optimize health and reproduction in domestic species for many years. • Domestic poultry include genetic strains selected for growth, disease resistance, reproductive and metabolic endocrine characteristics. • Some birds age rapidly (Japanese quail and domestic poultry); others have long lifespans and do not show classic signs of aging (terns and other sea birds, cranes, kestrals, humming birds).

  3. Do Avian Species Have Similar Lifetime Reproductive Patterns? • Within classes patterns of aging appear similar • Some species with a relatively long life-span show little sign of aging

  4. CHOOSING APPROPRIATE MEASURES • LIFESPAN • What are the constraints? • REPRODUCTION • Fertility • Number of viable young • Years of productivity • Reproductive success of offspring • METABOLIC ENDOCRINE • IGF-1, thyroid hormone, GH • AGING • Post reproductive lifespan? • Biomarkers of aging (skin, etc) • ?

  5. What Needs to be Considered? • COMPARISON WITHIN A SPECIES • Individual variability • Environmental factors • (nutrition, stress, housing, photoperiod) • Captive versus wild • (seasonal factors, disease, predation, etc) • COMPARISONS BETWEEN SPECIES • Lifetime strategies in reproduction • (# young/year, precocial vs altricial) • Environmental factors • (season, migratory, nutrition, etc)

  6. COMPARING JAPANESE QUAIL AND KESTRELS (Work in Collaboration with Dr. John French, USGS-Patuxent Wildlife Research Center • JAPANESE QUAIL • Short lived; terrestrial; migratory; omnivore • Rapidly aging • Large clutches; precocial chicks; coveys • Sex difference in senescence • Reproductive, metabolic, and sensory systems aging all decline • Neuroplasticity • KESTRELS • Long lived; terrestrial; carnivore • Slow maturation and aging • Small clutches; altricial; small groups • Pair bond

  7. Species Lifespan (yrs) Clutch size Quail 2-5 yrs 12-15 Terns 20-30 yrs 2.2 Kestrel 12-15 yrs 4.5 Crane 35-40 yrs 1.4

  8. American Kestrel colony at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center

  9. Using Microsoft Access to Follow Individuals and Pairs ID Male Female Inbreeding Coefficient Pen Hatch year M/F Endpoint 1 K0403 K0467 0.0222 665 91/91 2 K0319 K0412 0.0169 659 91/91 *stopped laying 2002 3 K0373 K0404 0.0062 658 91/91 * 4 K0413 K0389 0.0116 653 91/91 5 K0445 K0387 0.0134 652 91/91 * 6 K0312 K0385 0.0283 651 91/91 7 K0375 K0369 0.0149 650 91/91 * 8 K0336 K0367 0.0118 649 91/91 Female died 1997 9 K0341 K0357 0.0146 647 91/91 * 10 K0406 K0444 0.0034 644 91/91 * 11 K0410 K0303 0.0161 642 91/91 12 K0464 K0398 0.0128 641 91/91 13 K0407 K0338 0.0193 640 91/91 Female died 1997 14 K0408 K0328 0.0121 635 91/91 15 K0221 K0261 0.0039 679 90/90 *stopped laying 2002 16 K0231 K0246 0.0124 677 90/90 17 K0251 K0300 0.0234 675 90/90 18 K0287 K0361 0.0152 673 90/91 19 K0470 K0322 0.0135 670 91/91 20 K0450 K0443 0.0144 669 91/91

  10. Year Male Age Female Age Start Date - Days off Mean # Eggs Layed # Fertile # Hatched # Fledged Comments 1993 2 2 0 5 5 5 5 1994 3 3 1 5 5 5 5 1995 4 4 0 4 4 3 3 1 egg died 1996 5 5 1 4 - - - eggs euthanized 1997 6 6 0 5 5 3 3 2 eggs euthanized 1998 7 7 0 5 3+ 2 1 2 eggs lost; 1 hatchling died before fledge 1999 8 8 0 5 4 - - eggs euthanized 2000 9 9 0 5 3+ 0 0 1 egg lost; 3 eggs dead; 1 egg infertile 2001 10 10 1 5 2+ 2 1 2 eggs lost; I egg infertile; 1 hatchling died 2002 11 11 none 0 0 0 0 never laid

  11. Current data for American kestrels • Cross sectional: • Blood chemistry, cell counts [..years?] • WNV antibody titer • Longitudinal • Body weight • Reproduction: date 1st egg, clutch size, fertility, egg weight, proportions hatch & ‘fledge’

  12. AMERICAN KESTREL Life Table PATUXENT WILDLIFE RESEARCH CENTER 1993 - 2000 • Note: • estimate of S0 from fledging • - missing 1y information • includes all birds (partial LH) • birds from 1991 on: earlier? • all 11, 12y birds still alive • evidence of aging?

  13. Studies in Broiler Breeders hatch maturation adult (peak reprod, health, metabolism) aging Age 0-3 or…8wks 18-24 wks 28-55 wks 56-64 wks diet ad lib skip a day restricted daily feeding Diet Group 1: ad lib weeks 1-3; 15% CR Group 2: ad lib weeks 1-8; 15% CR

  14. Females initiating CR at 3 weeks matured slower; egg production continued at a higher level than birds full fed for 8 weeks and then restricted.

  15. (Robinson et al., 20002) As the hen ages, the number of eggs laid in a sequence declines, due to increasing irregular ovulation. ALL CR CR hens lay regularly as they age, with less signs of aging. Eggs are produced in a hierarchy with daily ovoposition; yolk accumulation occurs over several days.

  16. Studies in Broiler Breeders hatch maturation adult (peak reprod, health, metabolism) aging Age 0-3 wks 18-24 wks 28-55 wks 56-64 wks Diet: ad lib skip a day restricted daily feeding Diet Group 1: ad lib weeks 1-3; then 15% CR Group 2: ad lib weeks 1-3; 15% CR until mature (24 wks); then 37% CR Group 3: low protein diet weeks 1-10; then 15% CR

  17. The Japanese Quail as a Model System for Studying Aging • Natural history • Characteristics of aging in male quail • sexual behavior as an index of reproductive status • circulating hormone levels • phases in reproductive aging

  18. NE DA OT AVT GABA Opioid peptides Hypothalamus GnRH-I Pituitary Gland LH, FSH Gonads androgens, estrogens, progestins - + - + + The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Japanese Quail Neuroendocrine systems regulate endocrine and behavioral components of reproduction.

  19. Table 1: Effects of CR in adult male Japanese quail after 8 weeks treatment (different letters denote significant (p<0.05) differences within a column). % CR Body weight Testes LH ng/ml Androgen Corticos gm weight plasma pg/ml ng/ml a a a a a 0% 115 3.1 7.2 2828 3.1 b a b b a 20% 97 3.3 4.7 1392 2. 8 c b c c b 40% 75 2.2 2.5 266 7.2

  20. Effects of Calorie Restriction in Japanese Quail (% difference between 20 or 40% CR with pair fed ad lib control; data expressed as % difference) (230%) from Mobarak, Abdelnabi, and Ottinger, 1995

  21. Saline treatment Saline treatment LHRH challenge LHRH challenge Treatment Preinjection Post inj (15 min) Preinjection Post inj (15 min) 0% CR 6.5a 5.6a 6.8a 9.8b 20% CR 4.8c 4.0c 4.6c 9.4b 40% CR 2.4d 1.9d 1.8d 6.8a Effects of LHRH challenge (20 mg/kg body weight) in castrated CR males on serum LH (ng/ml plasma; different letters denote significant (p<0.05) differences in rows).

  22. Acknowledgements This work has been supported by the Maryland Agriculture Experiment Station, University of Maryland, College Park, NRI #92-37203 and NSF#9817024 (MAO). Dr. Joseph Soares Dr. Mohammed Mobarak Dr. Estelle Russek-Cohen Dr. Mahmoud Abdelnabi Nichola Thompson Dr. Robert Clarke Dr. Qichang Li Our animal care crew!

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