Outline Grid Challenges / Superconducting Solutions Cables for Urban Power Delivery

1. Superconductivity as an Energy Carrier George Crabtree Materials Science Division Argonne National Laboratory Departments of Physics, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering University of Illinois at Chicago Outline Grid Challenges / Superconducting Solutions Cables for Urban Power Delivery Long Distance Transmission and Connecting Grids Offshore Wind Turbines and Storing Energy Lowering Cost and Increasing Performance Perspective http://science.energy.gov/bes/news-and-resources/reports/basic-research-needs/

2. The Great Enabler 40% of US primary energy devoted to electricity production 40 30 % 20 10 0.0 1960 1880 1900 1920 1940 1980 2000 2020 source: EPRI

3. Sustained Interruptions 33% $52.3 B $26.3 B Momentary Interruptions 67% The 21st Century: A Different Set of Challenges accommodating renewables reliability power quality capacity electric power concentrated in cities and suburbs 33% of power used in top 22 metro areas urban power bottleneck average power loss/customer (min/yr) • US 214 • France 53 • Japan 6 2030 50% demand growth (US) 100% demand growth (world) 17% of total electricity supply by 2020 – sources distant from load centers $79 B economic loss (US) LaCommare & Eto, Energy 31, 1845 (2006)

4. Superconductivity: Meeting the Challenge Superconductors carry electrical current without resistance or energy loss capacity high current density / low voltage reliability / quality smart, self-healing power control renewableslightweight, high capacity wind turbines high capacity long distance transmission

5. Center for Emergent Superconductivity Themes Routes to enhanced superconductivity applications: Higher Tc, Higher Jc, Lower Anisotropy New HTS Materials Maximize Critical Current 20 YBCO line liquid pancake liquid 15 normal metal disordered solid Hucp Magnetic Field (T) 10 Microscopic Theory of HTSC vortex lattice • Theoretical Approaches • Phenomenological • Pre-formed pairs & phase fluctuations • Collective electronic modes • Exact 1D chains + interactions • Effective low energy Hamiltonian • Origin of superconducting condensation energy • Nano-heterogeneous superconductivity 5 Hlcp Bose glass • Search strategies for new HTSCs • Quaternary and higher compounds • Variable valence materials • Charge/Cooper pair density • Highly correlated normal states • Competing high temperature ordered phases • Understand/Control Vortex Matter • Microscopic vortex structure & pin mechanism • Multi-band interacting vortices • 2 gap superconductors • Quench dynamics 90 50 60 70 80 Temperature (K)

6. I Barriers to Superconducting Performance 60 I YBCO normal superconducting 40 moving vortices  R>0 Magnetic Field (T) R > 0 H defects 20 irreversibility line R = 0 0 pinned vortices  R=0 50 60 70 80 90 LN2 Temperature (K) pinning defects: nanodots, disorder, 2nd phases, dislocations intergrowths . . . Performance Barriers higher transition temperature - new materials higher currents - control “vortex matter”

7. Superconducting Cables • 5x power capacity of copper in same cross-sectional area • Relieve urban power bottleneck in cities and suburbs • Cables operating at 77 K are technically ready • in-grid demonstrations at Copenhagen DK, Albany NY, Long Island NY, Columbus OH, New Orleans LA, Amsterdam Barriers to grid penetration • Reduce cost by factor 10 - 100 to compete with copper • Demonstrate reliable multiyear operation

8. Cu shunt layer Ag cap layer YBCO superconductor LaMnO3 buffer MgO template Al2O3 / Y2O3 Ni barrier Ni alloy substrate Two Generations of High Temperature Superconducting Wire 107 Second Generation Wire: 2G YBaCuO coated conductor inexpensive materials complex multilayer architecture low anisotropy - strong pinning First Generation Wire: 1G BiSrCaCuO multifilaments expensive materials - silver sheath simple architecture high anisotropy - limited pinning 106 105 2G @ 77.3 K 104 105 Jc (A/cm2) 1G @55 K 103 104 1G @77.3 K 102 6 0 4 2 0 2 4 6 B (T) BSCCO filaments silver sheath 1986 HTS discovery 1G Cable Demos 1989 2001 1G R&D 2G Cable Demos 2G R&D 2007 1996

9. … that is impacting the grid today … Albany, NY Columbus, OH Long Island

10. Accommodating Renewable Electricity Generation Coal 52% of electricity 34% of CO2 emissions Hg, SOx, NOx

11. Making the Grid Ready for Renewables Wind Demand Sun breakthroughs needed long distance reliable, efficient delivery of electricity

12. Long Distance DC Superconducting Transmission high capacity: 5 -10 GW low voltage: 200 kV vs 765 kV multi-terminal topology reduced right of way: 25 ft vs 600 ft no AC losses: reduced cooling Marginal Fair Good Excellent Outstanding Superb Superconductor Electricity Pipeline AC/DC Converter Stations American Superconductor Corporation An Interstate Highway System for Electricity

13. Superconducting DC Connection of Three Power Grids Tres Amigas http://www.tresamigasllc.com High capacity – 5 GW superconducting connection DC connection – avoid frequency synchronization Short distances – reduced cooling and cable needs Exchange renewable power seamlessly among grids

14. Superconducting Wind Generation Conventional Gearbox 5 MW ~ 410 tons Conventional Gearless 6 MW ~ 500 tons HTS Gearless 8 MW ~ 480 tons Wind turbine output limited by weight supported on the tower Superconducting generators: half the size and weight capacity limit 10 – 15 MW  offshore wind Generator Gearbox Shaft Matthews, Physics Today 62(4), 25 (April 2009)

15. Offshore Wind - 50% More Power/Area Technical Challenges Construction Anchoring Salt water corrosion Maintenance Societal Challenge Aesthetics Source: http://webberenergyblog.wordpress.com/2010/02/13/offshore-wind-energy-cape-wind-vs-visual-impacts/ Superconducting Wind Turbines Direct drive – eliminates high maintenance gear box Twice the capacity/weight – fewer towers, less maintenance Close to shore/population centers – reduced long distance transmission

16. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Renewable Variability Solar PV 60 MJ 3 MW 2 1 Minutes since start of day 2.5 MJ Stored energy ~ H2 High field reduces size and cost 250 750 1250 BNL-SuperPower Modular SMES ARPA-E funding 2.5 MJ modules at 25 T 60 MJ torus ~ meter diamater Qiang Li, BNL

17. I The Grand Challenges for Superconducting Applications I Overcome the “glass ceiling” in critical current: 20% of theoretical limit Holds for all superconductors – conventional and high temperature Origin of the glass ceiling is buried in collective dynamics H isolated vortex one vortex - one pin site Source: Cristina Marchetti vortex matter vortex – vortex interaction flexible vortices distribution of point/line/planar pin sites analogy: atomic matter actual strength << theoretical strength slip at dislocations, grain boundaries

18. YBCO superconductor SuperPower commercial superconducting wire The Grand Challenges for Superconducting Applications II Reduce anisotropy of critical current Performance limited by lowest current values In field applications wind turbines, motors, transformers commercial superconducting wire anisotropy ~ 2 H intrinsic layered structure

19. Columnar Defects: Strongest Known Pinning Centers ,, Linear damage tracks from high energy heavy ions 5-10 nm dia amorphous track throughout sample 1-2 GeV Pb56+ Linear columnar defects straighten flexible vortices pin strongly along entire length produce highest critical currents Argonne’s ATLAS heavy ion accelerator

20. YBCO superconductor SuperPower commercial superconducting wire Raise Critical Current and Reduce Anisotropy with splay irradiate with heavy ions from Argonne’s ATLAS accelerator in two directions  splayed linear defects pristine H Result lowest current values doubled current nearly isotropic Next challenges optimize splay for maximum effect introduce splay by chemical route Center for Emergent Superconductivity Ying Jia, Lei Fang, Ulrich Welp, Wai Kwok, George Crabtree (Argonne) Jim Zuo (Illinois) SuperPower: Goran Majkic, Selva Selvamanickam

21. Perspective Grid faces many challenges capacity, reliability, renewables Superconductivity offers diverse solutions high capacity AC cables for urban power bottleneck 5x power in same cross section high capacity DC cables for transmission interstate highway system for electricity seamless power exchange among three national grids high capacity / low weight turbines for offshore wind superconducting magnetic energy storage for renewables Center for Emergent Superconductivity new materials – Fe-based multiband, low anisotropy superconductors mechanisms of superconductivity – roles of magnetism, strong normal state correlation control vortex matter raise critical current / reduce anisotropy of commercial wires innovative high field, modular SMES