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Birds, as habitats - the hidden world of avian ectoparasites

Birds, as habitats - the hidden world of avian ectoparasites. /guiding material/. Life in the water. life in terrestrial systems…. life in the air. AND life on / in other animals!. feather lice. Biodiversity of parasites.

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Birds, as habitats - the hidden world of avian ectoparasites

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  1. Birds, as habitats - the hidden world of avian ectoparasites /guiding material/

  2. Life in the water...

  3. life in terrestrial systems…

  4. life in the air...

  5. AND life on / in other animals! feather lice

  6. Biodiversity of parasites 5-10 % of animal species are considered parasites. If we involve herbivorous species and parasitoids as parasites their rate increases up to 30-50 %. endoparasites: viruses, bacteria, unicellular organisms, worms, etc… tapeworms and nematods unicellulars (Plasmodium, tha causative agent of malaria) Many of them can induce serious diseases.

  7. ectoparasites feather lice fleas mites Many of them can transfer serious diseases. ticks bat flies

  8. Animals usually have: Sand Lizard as an example habitat prey predator

  9. for parasites, host individuals means all of these habitat and food predator preening

  10. Arms race between hosts and parasites Hosts are motivated in avoiding or reducing infestation. preening and scratching

  11. bathing and dusting sunbathing

  12. Sometimes others can help: an oxpecker is searching for ticks mates can reach unreachable bodyparts anting: ants hint the feathers with formic acid which is toxic for parasites

  13. Parasites have to avoid host defences and colonise new host individuals. Lice can attach to hippoboscid flies to reach new hosts more easily. A louse hiding in the hollows of a feather to avoid preening.

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