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Marine Policy

Marine Policy. Introduction. Marine Policy is an academic field in which approaches from social science disciplines are applied to problems arising out of the human use of the oceans Legal property rights of the ocean often differ from those found on land. General Policy Areas. Environment;

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Marine Policy

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  1. Marine Policy

  2. Introduction • Marine Policy is an academic field in which approaches from social science disciplines are applied to problems arising out of the human use of the oceans • Legal property rights of the ocean often differ from those found on land

  3. General Policy Areas • Environment; • Ocean/climate change, hypoxia, spills • Natural Resources • Fishery management, ocean minerals • Energy • Offshore oil, tidal power • Land Use • Coastal zone management, zoning, barrier beach protection • Waste Management • Waste disposal, marine debris, nuclear waste disposal

  4. General Policy Areas • Transportation • Shipping/ports, international rights of passage • Defense • Zoned training and testing areas, atomic zones • Foreign Policy • Legal geography, piracy, refugees, trades • Emergency Management • Weather prediction, hurricanes, harmful algal blooms • Science Policy • Funding for research, large-scale science programs

  5. UNCLOS • United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea • UNCLOS I (1956-58) • Geneva, Switzerland • Though it was considered successful, it left open the issue of breadth of territorial waters • UNCLOS II (1960) • Geneva, Switzerland

  6. UNCLOS • UNCLOS III (1973-1982) • Internal waters • Territorial Waters • 12 Nautical miles, • Contiguous zone • 12 more nm; customs, taxation, immigration, pollution • Exclusive Economic Zones • 200 nm, exploitation rights • Continental Shelf • To the edge of the continental margin/200 nm

  7. MARPOL Convention • International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (1973-78) • (Marine Pollution) • To minimize pollution of the seas; dumping, oil and exhaust pollution • To protect the environment by elimiating all pollution • Countries signed under MARPOL must follow all the requirements

  8. Conventions • IWC (International Whaling Commision)(1946) • Regulates the global sustainable taking of whales • IMO (International Maritime Organization) (1958) • International cooperation • Ramsar Convention (1971) • National initiatives to conserve wetlands • London Convention (1972) • First global standards to govern the dumping of wastes into the ocean

  9. Institutions • Important regional institutions for coastal and ocean management • UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) • Addresses coastal/marine environment problems • Man and the Biosphere Program • Nations working to solve environment problems • Establishing MPAs • The Great Lakes Program • Protection and management of the Great Lakes

  10. Marine Protected Areas • Areas of the ocean in which some or all of the natural and cultural resources are protected • 328 sites in the U.S. • 251 Federally managed • National Marine Sanctuaries (14 sites) • National Wildlife Refuge System (162 sites) • National Park Service/National Seashore (39 sites) • National Marine Fisheries Service (36 sites) • Marine Reserves

  11. Land Management • Coastal Zone Management Act • 1972 • Encourages coastal states to develop and implement coastal zone management plans (CZMPs) • U.S. National policy to preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, restore or enhance, the resources of the Nation’s coastal zone

  12. Pollution • Most pollution acts either; • Prohibit the dumping of materials known to be harmful • Specify the criteria under which other materials may be dumped (environmentally friendly substances) • The basic premise of each seems to be that land disposal is preferable to marine disposal

  13. Pollution • Point Source Pollution • These pollutants have easily determined starting points • Factories, sewage treatment pipes, dumping toxins, wastewater • Nonpoint Source Pollution • These pollutants have indirect beginnings • Oil, fertilizers, urban runoff, agricultural run off

  14. Pollution • Rivers and Harbors Act (1899) • A prohibition of dumping refuse into navigable US waters • Federal Water Pollution Control Act(1948) • (Clean Water Act) • Addresses point sources of municipal and industrial waste and spills of oil and hazardous materials • Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (1972) • Ocean Dumping Act • Controls dumping of waste at sea, at-sea research, establishment of marine sanctuaries

  15. Pollution • Ocean Dumping Ban Act (1991) • Banned all sewage and industrial waste dumping in the U.S. offshore waters • Oceans Act of 2000 (2000) • Establishes a 16 member U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy • Undertake a thorough review of U.S. ocean and coastal programs and activities

  16. Marine Biodiversity • National Wildlife Refuge System • 1903 • Managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service • Lands and waters set aside to conserve America’s fish, wildlife, and plants • Protects the habitats of wildlife populations, and the wildlife

  17. Marine Biodiversity • National Estuarine Research Reserve System • 1972 • Protects coastal and estuarine habitats for long term research, water-quality monitoring, education, and coastal stewardship • 28 protected areas • Works in partnership with NOAA

  18. Marine Biodiversity • Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) • 1972 • Prohibits the taking of marine mammals • Take: Hunting, killing, capture, harassment • Harassment: tormenting, annoying, disturbing it’s behavioral patterns • Migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering • First act of Congress to call specifically for an ecosystem approach to natural resource management and conservation

  19. Marine Biodiversity • Endangered Species Act • 1973 • Administered by NOAA and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • Designed to prevent any endangered species from becoming extinct because of human activities

  20. Marine Biodiversity • Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act (MFCMA) • 1976 • The primary law governing marine fisheries management in the United States • Conservation of fishery resources • Amended several times in response to the continued overfishing of major stocks

  21. U.S. Senate Committees • Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation • Jurisdiction includes ocean and atmospheric policy, generally: NOAA, NASA, U.S. Coast Guard, MARAD, and Marine Mammal Commission programs • Committee on Environment and Public Works • Jurisdiction includes environmental protection

  22. U.S. Senate Committees • Committee on Energy and Natural Resources • Jurisdiction includes energy resource development • Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry • Jurisdiction includes: USDA Forest Service, Natural Resources Conservation Service programs

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