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An Overview of Diseases of Pet and Exotic Birds Part I

An Overview of Diseases of Pet and Exotic Birds Part I. H. L. Shivaprasad CAHFS – Tulare Branch School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis. California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System. School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis.

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An Overview of Diseases of Pet and Exotic Birds Part I

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  1. An Overview of Diseases of Pet and Exotic BirdsPart I H. L. Shivaprasad CAHFS – Tulare Branch School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis

  2. California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California, Davis To provide the citizens of California with the highest quality diagnostic laboratory support for: Mission

  3. Disease Control Public health CAHFS Mission Health Management Food Safety Dissemination of New Knowledge Equine Health

  4. Layers Broilers Turkeys CAHFS Laboratories Davis Turlock - Avian Tulare San Bernardino

  5. Avian Taxonomy Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Orders: 27 Families: 160 Genera: 1800 Species: 8600 Subspecies: >22,000

  6. Major Categories of Birds • Domestic poultry (Egg laying and broiler chickens, turkeys and ducks) • Commercial and hobby/backyard flocks • Game birds (Pheasant, Quail, Chukar) • Pet and exotic birds • Ratites (ostrich, emu, rhea) • Birds of Prey • Birds in captivity (Zoos) • Free flying birds (California Fish & Game and National Wildlife Lab)

  7. Causes of Disease M: Malformation, Metabolic I : Infectious, Immunologic N: Neoplasia, Nutritional T: Toxic, Trauma Note: in commercial poultry infectious, nutritional and toxic causes are most important

  8. Infectious • Bacteria • Viruses • Fungi • Parasites • Rickettsia

  9. Tests Essential for Disease Diagnosis • History • Clinical signs • Necropsy (autopsy) • Serology (ELISA, HA/HI, AGID, etc.) • Immunology (FA, IHC, etc.) • Bacteriology/Mycology • Biotechnology

  10. Tests Essential for Disease Diagnosis • Histopathology • Parasitology • Toxicology • Virology (egg embryos, cell culture) • Electron microscopy (DEM, TEM) • Hematology, chemistry, cytology • Pathogenicity tests

  11. Diagnostic Protocol • Turn around time: • Report significant findings – same day • Serology, FA, bacteriology, biotechnology, Direct EM, histopathology, IHC – 12 to 48 to 72 hours • Toxicology - 3 to 5 days • Mycoplasma - 2 weeks • Virology - 3 to 6 weeks • IBV sequencing, TEM - variable

  12. Disease Diagnoses - Philosophy • Quality: Accuracy of results • Rapid turn around time • Thorough diagnostic work up • Communication with the clients • Use of friendly, common and understandable language

  13. Disease Diagnoses – Philosophy • Quality of service depends on the ‘quality and quantity of effort’ by the diagnostician/pathologist • sometimes it is difficult to find a cause • Client Confidentiality maintained

  14. Avian Inflammation • reaction is rapid in birds, 36 hours • leakage of fibrin and fibrinogen common in early exudate • intense granulomatous reaction (12 hours) • coagulum of eosinophilic debris, degranulating heterophils, macrophages and giant cells

  15. Avian Inflammation • macrophages, heterophils and thrombocytes are active phagocytes • pus is caseous but liquefaction can occur • birds respond with granulomatous inflammation to many insults

  16. Avian Inflammation • acute inflammatory reaction in birds involves edema, congestion and vascular changes mediated by basophils and mast cells • 1-3 hrs: basophils, heterophils and monocytes • 2-6 hrs: basophils degranulate and die • 6-12 hours: lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages

  17. Avian Inflammation • 12-36 hours: lymphocytes, macrophages, giant cells • acute reaction peak by 12 hours (when giant cells appear) • 36-72 hours: regeneration and repair • fibroblasts, secondary lymphoid follicles, plasma cells • chronic reaction with caseation, macrophages, giant cells, granuloma formation

  18. Avian Inflammation • Cells involved in inflammation: • Heterophils, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils • Thrombocytes • Monocytes/macrophages • Giant cells • Lymphocytes/plasma cells

  19. Avian Inflammation • cells involved in inflammation: • heterophils: have lance-shaped granules, lack myeloperoxidase and alkaline phosphatase, have β-glucoronidase and acid phosphatase • very phagocytic • granules tend to round up in tissues, difficult to identify

  20. Avian Inflammation • cells involved in inflammation (Cont.) • eosinophils: have spherical granules • function is not known, delayed type IV hypersensitivity ? • associated with eosinophilic enteritis in turkeys due to ascarids • basophils: contain histamine, involved in acute inflammation • thrombocytes: small round to oval cells with clear cytoplasm and small round nucleus (looks like small lymphocytes), phagocytic

  21. Avian Inflammation • cells involved in inflammation (cont.) • monocytes: precursors to cells of MPS, phagocytic, can fuse to form multinucleated giant cells • Cytokines; IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, IL-18, etc., TNF, G-CSF, gamma interferon • lymphocytes: various morphologies involved in subacute inflammation including plasma cells

  22. Fibrinosuppurative (heterophilic) inflammation – pericarditis, perihepatitis and airsacculitis

  23. Fibrinosuppurative (heterophilic) cellulitis Fibrinosuppurative pneumonia Pus – liquefaction rare

  24. Fibrinosuppurative (heterophilic) inflammation

  25. Heterophils -(Lance-shaped granules) Heterophils and one Eosinophil

  26. Eosinophilic enteritis, Ascarid larvae - Turkey Eosinophils – Turkey intestine

  27. Granulomatous (Pyo?) inflammation

  28. Granulomatous hepatitis (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis) Typical granulomatous inflammation - histo

  29. Granulomatous inflammation. Asper in giant cells. PAS

  30. Fibrinous inflammation with bacteria Gran. inflammation with Staphylococcus sp.

  31. Pet Bird Industry in US • Value not known, one to three billion dollars? • Includes sale of birds, supplies, feed, veterinary care, etc. • 45 – 55 (20 – 80) million birds in US? • 15 to 17 million households • One million birds purchased each year? • Wildlife conservation act of 1992 • Smuggling of birds? • California – has many outdoor aviaries • Others: Florida, Texas, Georgia, Arizona

  32. Common Pet Birds • Psittacines (Hook bills) • 332 species • 50 species commonly kept as pets • Cockatiels, Budgerigar, Amazons, Parakeets, Macaws, Cockatoos • Cockatiels are most common in US • Passerines (Perching birds) • More than 5200 species • Canaries, finches, mynah

  33. Diseases • Bacteria • Fungi • Viruses • Parasites • Malnutrition • Toxicities • Metabolic • Neoplasia • Miscellaneous

  34. Avian Bacteria • Chlamydophila psittaci • Salmonella sp. • E. coli • Clostridium sp. • Mycobacterium sp. • Bordetella avium • Pasteurella multocida • Staphylococcus sp. Riemerella • Enterococcus sp. Avibacterium sp • Coxiella sp. Listeria, Erysipelas • Yesrsinia pseudotuberculosis • Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp.

  35. Avian Chlamydiosis • Naturally occurring contagious systemic disease of various species of birds • Etiology: Chlamydophila psittaci • Diagnosed in > 400 avian species, 21 orders and > 30 families • Psittacines, 25% of the reported host species, others; pigeons, passerines, wild and feral birds, rheas, turkeys, pheasants

  36. Avian Chlamydiosis - Incidence • Between 1990 and 2002 (CAHFS) • 7000 psittacines, 1116 were tested (FA, IHC, etc.) • 228 positive, 20.43 % • lesser incidence 2002-2009 • Pigeons/doves • Rheas • Canaries and finches – not common • Others

  37. Chlamydia • Chlamydophila psittaci • Seven serotypes; A, B, C, D, E, F, G, E/B • Chlamydia are obligate nonmotile coccoid intracellular bacteria • Multiplies within membrane-bound inclusions • Cytoplasm of host cells • Have a non-synchronous multimorphic developmental cycle

  38. Chlamydia Strains and Hosts

  39. Chlamydia – Growth Cycle • Inhalation/ingestion Elementary Body (infectious form) attaches to the epithelium gains entrance expands in size to form Reticulate Body (metabolically active form) divides by binary fission  mature in to Elementary Body  cycle continues • Elementary Body – electron dense spherical body measuring 0.2 to 0.3 µm • Reticulate Body – measures 0.5 to 2.0 µm • Intermediate Body - measures 0.3 to 1.0 µm

  40. Chlamydia - Transmission • Incubation period: varies, 5 to 12 days • Inhalation, ocular, oral, vertical • Ingestion of contaminated feed and water, carcasses (in carnivorous birds) • Vertical transmission (poultry and ?) • Insects, mites, etc. ? • Carrier state – psittacines and pigeons • Stress precipitates shedding

  41. Growth Cycle of Chlamydia

  42. TEM – Chlamydia. Liver and Cell culture EB - Elementary body, RB- Reticulate body, IB: Intermediate body

  43. Avian Chlamydiosis Clinical signs • Varies greatly with species of bird, age, strain of chlamydia, stress, etc. • Ruffled feathers, inappetence • Ill thrift, loss of weight • Greenish-yellow diarrhea • Respiratory signs, ocular discharge • Neurological signs (rare) • Swelling above eye (Turkey) • Inapparent carriers

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