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Circulation and Respiration

Circulation and Respiration. II. Circulatory systems. A. Circulatory system basics 1. Fluid — blood 2. Channels — vessels 3. A pump — the heart. III. The vertebrate circulatory system. A. Functions 1. Transport of O 2 and CO 2 2. Distribution of nutrients

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Circulation and Respiration

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  1. Circulation and Respiration

  2. II. Circulatory systems • A. Circulatory system basics • 1. Fluid—blood • 2. Channels—vessels • 3. A pump—the heart

  3. III. The vertebrate circulatory system • A. Functions • 1. Transport of O2 and CO2 • 2. Distribution of nutrients • Transport of waste • 4. Distribution of hormones • 5. Regulation of body temperature • 6. Protection of the body against blood loss

  4. The vertebrate circulatory system B. The heart 1. Structure a. Atria b. Ventricles

  5. aorta pulmonary artery (to left lung) superior vena cava pulmonary artery (to right lung) left atrium pulmonary veins (from right lung) pulmonary veins (from left lung) atrioventricular valve right atrium semilunar valves atrioventricular valve left ventricle right ventricle ventricular septum inferior vena cava descending aorta (to lower body) heart muscle

  6. The vertebrate circulatory system • Function • a. The cardiac cycle • 1) Systole—period of ventricle contraction • 2) Diastole—relaxation of all the chambers followed by contraction of the atria • Blood Pressure: Systolic/Diastolic (ex. 120/80)

  7. Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs. Oxygenated blood from lungs enters left ventricle. Oxygenated blood is pumped to the body. Blood fills the atria and begins to flow passively into the ventricles. Deoxygenated blood from body enters right ventricle. (a) Atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles. (b) Then the ventricles contract, forcing blood through arteries to the lungs and the rest of the body. (c) The cycle ends as the heart relaxes.

  8. Pathway of Blood Through the Heart • Vena Cava • Right Atrium • Tricuspid Valve • Right Ventricle • Pulmonary Artery (Pulmonary Valve) • Lungs • Pulmonary Vein • Left Atrium • Bicuspid Valve “Mitral Valve” • Left Ventrical • Aorta (Aortic Valve)

  9. III. The vertebrate circulatory system • Function • b. Coordination of heart activity • 1) Atrioventricular and semilunar valves • 2) The sinoatrial node (SA node) • 3) The atrioventricular node (AV node)

  10. aorta Pathway of Blood Through the Heart 1. Vena Cava 2. Right Atrium 3. Tricuspid Valve 4. Right Ventricle 5. Pulmonary Artery (Pulmonary Valve) 6. Lungs 7. Pulmonary Vein 8. Left Atrium 9. Bicuspid Valve “Mitral Valve” 10. Left Ventrical 11. Aorta (Aortic Valve) pulmonary artery (to left lung) superior vena cava pulmonary artery (to right lung) left atrium pulmonary veins (from right lung) pulmonary veins (from left lung) atrioventricular valve Bicuspid Valve “Mitral Valve” right atrium semilunar valves atrioventricular valve Tricuspid Valve left ventricle right ventricle ventricular septum inferior vena cava descending aorta (to lower body) heart muscle

  11. sinoatrial (SA) node atrioventricular (AV) node excitable fibers

  12. The vertebrate circulatory system . Coordination of heart activity 4) Influences on heart rate a) Parasympathetic nervous system - decreases heart rate b) Sympathetic nervous system - increases heart rate c) Hormones

  13. The vertebrate circulatory system • C. Blood • 1. Functions • a. Transport of nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes • b. Immune response

  14. The vertebrate circulatory system • 2. Composition • a. Plasma—55% to 60% • 1) 90% water • 2) Molecules of dissolved proteins, hormones, nutrients, gases, ions, and urea as a waste • b. Red blood cells—erythrocytes • 1) 99% of the total cellular component in the blood • 2) Carry oxygen bound to hemoglobin from the lungs to the tissue and buffer CO2 carried from the tissues • c. White blood cells—leukocytes • 1) 1% of the total cellular component of blood • 2) Five white blood cell types • d. Platelets • 1) Cellular fragments from megakaryocyte in the bone marrow • 2) Function in blood clotting

  15. A white blood cell attacks bacteria

  16. trappedred blood cell platelets fibrin network

  17. The vertebrate circulatory system • D. Blood vessels • 1. Arteries and arterioles • a. Thick walls, smooth muscle with elastic tissue to withstand high pressure • b. Carry blood away from the heart • 2. Capillaries • a. Tiniest vessels; thin, single-cell thick for easy diffusion • b. Exchange of materials between blood and body cells • 3. Venules and veins • a. One-way valves in thin-walled vessels surrounded by thin layer of smooth muscle giving low resistance to blood flow, which is assisted by skeletal muscle • b. Returns blood to the heart

  18. capillaries arteriole venule endothelium capillary connective tissue (external layer) smooth muscle (middle layer) artery connective tissue endothelium (inner layer) vein

  19. Red blood cells must pass through capillaries in single file. Capillary walls are thin and permeable to gases, nutrients, and cellular wastes.

  20. III. The vertebrate circulatory system • 4. Distribution of blood flow • a. Regulated by muscular walls of the arterioles • b. Influenced by autonomic nerves, hormones, and other chemicals released from nearby tissues

  21. jugularvein carotid artery aorta superior vena cava lung capillaries pulmonary artery inferior vena cava heart liver kidney intestine femoral vein femoral artery

  22. The respiratory system • A. Functions of the respiratory system • 1. Works in conjunction with the circulatory system • 2. Provides oxygen for cellular respiration

  23. Respiratory systems and gas exchange • A. Interrelated with circulatory system • B. Mechanisms of gas movement • 1. Bulk flow from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure • 2. Simple diffusion at the tissue or lung level

  24. 1. Gases move in and out of the lungs by breathing. 2. O2 and CO2 are exchanged in the lungs by diffusion. alveoli (air sacs) right atrium 3. Gases dissolved in blood are transported by the circulatory system. left atrium right ventricle left ventricle 4. O2 and CO2 are exchanged in the tissues by diffusion.

  25. VII. Human respiratory system • A. The conducting portion • 1. Carries air to the lungs • 2. Warms and moistens air moving through it • 3. Cilia that line the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles filter dust particles

  26. (a) nasal cavity pharynx epiglottis branch of pulmonary vein larynx esophagus bronchiole trachea bronchi alveoli branch of pulmonary artery bronchioles capillary network (b) pulmonary artery pulmonary vein

  27. VII. Human respiratory system • B. Gas exchange portion • 1. The alveoli have an enormous surface area • 2. Capillaries surround the alveoli • 3. The mechanism of gas exchange and transport • a. Oxygen and hemoglobin • b. Carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions

  28. interstitial fluid capillary fluid layer capillary cell nucleus alveolar cell nucleus red blood cell air in alveolus plasma alveolar membrane capillary wall

  29. VII. Human respiratory system • C. Mechanics of breathing • 1. Inspiration—active inhalation of air • a. Diaphragm and rib muscles contract, making the chest cavity larger • b. Chest expansion causes the lungs to expand; vacuum draws in air • 2. Expiration—passive exhalation of air when muscles are relaxed

  30. air moves in air moves out ribcage contracts ribcage contracts ribcage expands ribcage expands lungs compress lungs compress lungs compress lungs expand lungs expand diaphragm relaxes upward diaphragm contracts downward (a) Inhalation (b) Exhalation

  31. VII. Human respiratory system • D. Control of respiration • 1. Description of breathing • 2. Regulation of breathing by carbon dioxide

  32. Lymphatic system • 1. Structure • a. Complex network of thin-walled vessels • b. In proximity to the capillary network • c. Composed of cells with openings between them that act as one-way valves

  33. (a) superior vena cava thoracic duct enters vein to vena cava thymus heart spleen thoracic duct lymph vessels lymph nodes valve prevents backflow white blood cells (b) lymph node

  34. Lymph is transported into larger lymph vessels. interstitial fluid Interstitial fluid enters through valvelike openings between lymph capillary cells. Blood capillaries leak fluid filtered from blood plasma.

  35. Lymphatic system • 2. Functions • a. Removal of excess fluid • b. Transport of fats from the intestine • c. Cellular body defense

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