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Roman Civil War

Roman Civil War. Unit 9. MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO. 106-43 B.C. 63 B.C. – elected consul Unbelievable orator Most proud accomplishment is holding every position in the C ursus H onorum Hero of the Republic during Civil War Catiline Conspiracy Catapulted Cicero’s oratory fame

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Roman Civil War

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  1. Roman Civil War Unit 9

  2. MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO • 106-43 B.C. • 63 B.C. – elected consul • Unbelievable orator • Most proud accomplishment is holding every position in the Cursus Honorum • Hero of the Republic during Civil War • Catiline Conspiracy • Catapulted Cicero’s oratory fame • Were Crassus and Caesar truly responsible?

  3. Political System in the 60s • Political positions were extremely competitive • Cursus Honorum • Oratory became more important • Volatile voting population • Military record important • Consuls would serve overseas after their appointments • What effect did this have? • Populares – “Those pandering to the people” • Optimates – those who wished to uphold traditional senatorial authority

  4. YOUNG CAESAR • GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR • Kaiser and Czar (Tsar) • 100 – 44 B.C. • Nephew of Gaius Marius • Grew up poor; put on Sulla’s proscription list • 75 B.C. - Captured by Cilician Pirates

  5. YOUNG CAESAR • Was beloved by the people • Championed the Populares’ cause • Deep in debt • Supported by Crassus • Given military leadership in Spain • 69 B.C. – Funeral Oration • 65 B.C. – Aedile • 63 B.C. – Pontifex Maximus • 62 B.C. – Praetor • 59 B.C. – Consul

  6. CONSULSHIP AND COMMAND THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE • 1. Pompey • Land for his veterans • 2. Crassus • Political appeal; help for his allies in Asia • 3. Caesar • Overseas command following his consulship Land reform bill Went to the people instead Bibulus tries to block him “The consulship of Julius and Caesar”

  7. CAESAR MAKES ENEMIES • Caesar gives land in Campania away • Pompey marries Caesar’s daughter Julia • Caesar gets 5 year command in Gaul • Both Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul • Clodius is elected tribune and exiles Cicero

  8. LUCA AGREEMENT • Pompey and Crassus meet Caesar in Cisalpine Gaul • Crassus and Pompey were to be consuls for 55 B.C. • WHAT THEY GET: • Caesar gets 5 more years in Gaul • Pompey get proconsulship in Hispania • Crassus gets governorship in Syria • He can finally get that military glory! • Senate and Moderates are impotent • This was the last time the triumvirate cooperated with each other

  9. GALLIC WARS • 150,000 Helvetii migrate South • Instigates conflict with them, defeats them • Battles with Venetis from Britain • Caesar eventually invades Britain 954 B.C.), expands Rome further than ever before! Motives? • Battle of Alesia (52 B.C.) • Gauls rally around Vercingetorix • Fought 300,000 Gallic soldiers! • Built a wall around the entire city • Caesar encircles reinforcements with cavalry and finally defeats Gaul!

  10. Battle of Alesia

  11. CAESAR MARCHES ON ROME • BBC Worldwide: Ancient Rome: Rise and Fall of An Empire, Episode 1 – Julius Caesar • http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xk3pc1_ancient-rome-the-rise-and-fall-of-an-empire-ep-1-caesar_shortfilms • Beginning – 38:40

  12. Meanwhile in Rome…. • 53 B.C. – Battle of Carrhae • Crassus is killed fighting the Parthians • Poured gold down his throat • 20,000 dead/10,000 wounded • Worst Roman defeat since Cannae • Julia, Pompey’s wife dies in childbirth • Why does this hurt Caesar’s alliance with Pompey? • Caesar is viewed as a “traitor to the cause” • Reviled for both bribery and ignoring the holy days • Milo’s and Clodius’s gangs fight • Clodius dies, burned in a pyre in the senate

  13. Mark Antony • Marcus Antonius; 83 B.C. – 30 B.C. • Best friend of Caesar, fantastic general • Renowned hedonist, selfish, childish, temperamental • Consul in 54 and 44 B.C. • “I fight to defend the people of Rome while the senator viciously attacks their representatives “ • - Julius Caesar • Member of the Second Triumvirate

  14. Caesar enters Rome • 49 B.C. • “Crossing the Rubicon” is often translated as “to pass the point of no return” • “The die is cast” • Marches straight to Rome, city is abandoned • Why was the city abandoned? • Caesar only had one legion with him! • Caesar appeals to assembly, steals treasury • How is this hypocritical? • Pompey sails East • Why? • Small Italian town opposes Caesar. He lets them go. • Caesar is spinning a web of legitimacy

  15. Cicero’s take on Caesar • "I have often told you [M Caelius Rufus] in my letters that I see no chance of peace lasting a year; and the nearer the struggle comes, which must come, the clearer does that danger appear. The point, on which the men in power are bound to fight, is this - Cn. Pompeius has made up his mind not to allow C. Caesar to become consul, except on condition of his first handing over his army and provinces: while Caesar is fully persuaded that he cannot be safe if he quits his army.“ • - Cicero

  16. Civil War Begins • Pompey heads to Greece Loses 3 legions to Caesar • Caesar heads to Spain and gains victories Returns to Rome as “dictator for life”; resigns and becomes consul • Heads across Adriatic in January to Epirus • Caesar moves in the winter, very risky move!

  17. Battle of Dyrrhachium • 48 B.C. • Pompey: 45,000 • Caesar: 15,000 • Present Day Albania • Two extended walls, siege warfare • Pompey finds weak point in Caesar’s line and attacks • Caesar retreats, Pompey doesn’t chase • Huge mistake!!

  18. Battle of Pharsalus • 48 B.C. • Pompey: 70,000 (6,000 cavalry) • Caesar: 33,000 infantry (1,400 cavalry) • Caesar advances, Pompeian cavalry attack • Caesar creates secret fourth line • Caesar victorious! Pompey is humiliated!

  19. CAESAR MARCHES ON ROME • BBC Worldwide: Ancient Rome: Rise and Fall of An Empire, Episode 1 – Julius Caesar • http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xk3pc1_ancient-rome-the-rise-and-fall-of-an-empire-ep-1-caesar_shortfilms • 38:40-56:15

  20. AFTERMATH OF THE WAR • Pompey heads to Egypt with family • Beheaded in Egypt • Why? • Caesar forgives Marcus Brutus • Why? • 48 B.C. Caesar lands in Alexandria • Made Cleopatra co-ruler • She becomes his mistress • Caesar and Cleopatra take a month-long vacation up the Nile with 400 ships • Why would he do this? Why would he bring so many men with him?

  21. POMPEY’S HEAD • 1. Why was Caesar interested in Cleopatra? • 2. Why was Caesar so frustrated with Pompey’s beheading? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5Pr1V6_N3c

  22. CAESAR THE POLITICIAN • “I came. I saw. I conquered” • Caesar retakes Pontus • Heads to Africa • Soldiers rebel…temporarily • Took a new census • Offered land for poor outside of Rome, citizenship for skilled laborers • How does this improve Rome • Massive public works projects • Created a solar calendar • July… • 45 B.C. – Caesar finally defeats remaining forces

  23. IDES OF MARCH • Rex Caesar • Caesar tried to slowly introduce the thought of being a king • Purple robe • Golden throne • His own statue carried with procession of gods on holy days • Appointed Dictator for life • LAST STRAW: Senators approached him and he failed to stand for them… • March 15, 44 B.C. – Caesar is murdered on Senate floor

  24. The Death of Caesar (1798) by Vincenzo Camuccini

  25. IDES OF MARCH • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FvgP5hO99o

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