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Review of Southern Aristocracy

This article provides an overview of the planter aristocracy that dominated Southern society and politics, the role of slavery, the cotton kingdom, abolitionists, freed blacks, and key events leading up to the Civil War.

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Review of Southern Aristocracy

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  1. Pageant 16-19 Review

  2. Southern Aristocracy • Planter aristocracy dominated society and politics • White farmers made up the majority of the population • Landless whites- poor, supported slavery • Mountain whites – opposed slavery and rich planters

  3. Slavery • Population increased due to natural reproduction • Most slaves raised in stable two-parent homes • Discouraged immigrants from migrating to the South • Most Southern whites could not afford slaves ¼ of Southerners owned slaves

  4. Upper South • More common for forced separation of families and spouses

  5. Cotton Kingdom • Accounted for half the value of all US exports after 1840 • South produced more than half the world’s supply of cotton • 75% of British supply came from the South • Quick profits drew planters to its economic enterprise

  6. Abolitionists • Southern- Silenced in the early 1830s • Northern- Critics in North felt they were creating disorder in the US

  7. American Colonization Society- 1817 • Dedicated to sending freed blacks to Africa • 15,000 sent over the next three decades

  8. Northerners • Supported the black race, but disliked blacks as individuals • Many were against the expansion of slavery, because they wanted to avoid blacks

  9. Freed Blacks • Prohibited from many trades and professions • Segregated education • Voting restrictions

  10. Post 1830 • South was were the minority compared to the rest of the world with their support of slavery

  11. Southern Subsistence Farmers • Too poor to have slaves • Relied on corn as their main crop • Defended slavery- possibility of upward mobility, and racism

  12. South Carolina, Florida. Mississippi, Alabama and Louisiana- near or over 50% of population was slaves More likely for slave families to be in tact than upper South Deep South

  13. Election of 1840 • Harrison wins • Tyler on the ticket as a states’ rightist

  14. John Tyler • From Virginia • Joined the Whig Party because he was anti-Jackson

  15. View that God ordained the US to stretch across the continent Motivations- land, trade with Asia, fear of foreign intervention Manifest Destiny

  16. Election of 1844 • Polk- Democrat- felt victory was a mandate for Manifest Destiny • Henry Clay-Whig- told Southerners he was for annexing Texas, told Northerners he was against annexation

  17. War with Mexico • Polk hoped to fight a limited war • Anti slavery forces opposed Polk’s expansionist policies • US eventually paid $15 million, and received territory including New Mexico, Arizona and California

  18. War with Mexico

  19. US – Britain Disputes • Oregon- resolved when the British thought the area wasn’t worth fighting for • Maine- concluded with the Webster-Ashburton Treaty

  20. Oregon Territory • U.S. missionaries were instrumental in strengthening and saving American claims

  21. California • First European settlers were Spanish

  22. Texas • Coveted by British abolitionists • Hoped to prove that cotton could be produced without slaves

  23. Wilmot Proviso • Slavery would be banned from all territory gained in the war with Mexico • Twice passed the House, but never the Senate Slavery

  24. California Gold • Ended the power of Californios • Help lead to statehood at an increased speed

  25. Strong proponent of states rights and slavery Felt that local authorities should decide on slavery- not congress John C. Calhoun

  26. Transcontinental Railroad • Douglas wanted a northern route • Viewed as a way to keep the west “connected” to the rest of the US

  27. International Attempts to Expand Slavery • Nicaragua- Southern adventurers attempted to take it by force • Cuba- Ostend Manifesto- take it by force if a sale price couldn’t be negotiated

  28. Compromise of 1850 • California- free, New Mexico and Arizona- popular sovereignty • No slave trade in Washington DC • Tougher Fugitive Slave Law • Daniel Webster’s March 7th speech was a call for compromise and national unity • Aided by Taylor’s death and Fillmore’s ascension to the presidency

  29. Free Soilers • Supported westward expansion • Felt slavery would have a negative affect on working men’s wages • Wanted free government homesteads for settlers

  30. Popular Sovereignty • Promoted by Stephen Douglas • Fit in with democratic tradition of self-determination

  31. Matthew Perry • Opened Japan to the US

  32. Kansas-Nebraska • Douglas proposed popular sovereignty to determine slave status • Lawrence recognized by the House of Representatives • Lecompton recognized by Buchanan • Dissolved into a civil war

  33. 1848 Presidential Election • Zachary Taylor (Whig) defeat Lewis Cass (Dem) • Taylor- national hero, slaveholder from Louisiana • Cass- Michigan, pro-slavery leanings • Slavery was not a main issue

  34. Harriet Tubman • Helped slaves escape to Canada

  35. 1850s Politics • National leaders agreed to NOT discuss slavery

  36. John Brown’s Raid • Viewed as a martyr by some in the North • Viewed as representing Northern Republicans by the South

  37. 1850s Nativists • Anti-Catholic and anti-foreign attitudes • Supported the Know-Nothing Party in 1856

  38. Personal Liberty Laws • Passed in the North stating people did not have to help return runaway slaves • Response to Compromise of 1850 • Struck down by the Supreme Court

  39. 1852 Election • Franklin Pierce- Democrats- reunited after divisions of ’48 • Winfield Scott- Whigs- divided on sectional lines • Pierce wins- friendly with his Sec. of State- Jefferson Davis

  40. Dred Scott Case • Ruled that slaves were not protected by the Constitution • Slavery could not be prohibited in territories by congress • Owners could not have slaves taken without due process • Supported by proslavery Southerners

  41. Election of 1856 • Buchanan (Pa)- nominated as a Democrat- proslavery • Fremont (Ca)- nominated as a Republican- anti-slavery • Fillmore (NY)- nominated Know-Nothing- anti- immigrant • Victory for Buchanan • Southerners threatened that a Republican victory would result in war

  42. James Buchanan • Had a pro slavery cabinet • Felt Congress could not legislate slavery • Believed the Constitution did not authorize him to use force to prevent Southern secession

  43. Brooks-Sumner Fight • Sumner (Mass) had verbally assailed Butler (SC) • Brooks attacked Sumner for revenge • Revealed the passionate divisions over slavery

  44. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Brutal account of families separated by slavery • Resulted in many Northerners not enforcing the Fugitive Slave Law • Widely read in Europe- made common person against slavery

  45. Panic of 1857 • Affected by the end of the Crimean War • Partially a result of over speculation and falling farm prices • Led to a call for a higher tariff • Revived the sectional controversy of tariff levels

  46. Lincoln-Douglas Debates • Douglas’s Freeport Doctrine- slavery would stay down if people voted it down • Lincoln- believed congress had the right to regulate slavery

  47. 1860 Election Lincoln- Republican- party widens their platform- doesn’t campaign in South Democrats- split- Northern- nominate Douglas Southern-nominate Breckinridge Union Party- nominates Bell- attempting to prevent secession

  48. Secession • South Carolina first- Dec. 20, 1860 • Followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas

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