Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

1. 10 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

2. Nucleic acids are created from subunits called: nucleotides

3. The three parts to a nucleotide are: Phosphate group, nitrogen base, sugar Phosphate base sugar

4. The sugar is _________in DNA ________in RNA Deoxyribose Ribose Phosphate base sugar

5. The bases are ______________in DNA ______________ and ________________ ________________ in RNA Guanine, CytosineAdenine , Thymine Guanine, Cytosine Adenine , Uracil Phosphate base sugar

6. DNA structure looks like a spiral staircase which is called a: Double Helix

7. RNA is different because it is only: Single Stranded

8. DNA can do two things: • Replicate- make an exact copy for more • cells • 2. Direct production of proteins that • determine how organisms look and • function

9. RNA has one job: To take the DNA message and bring it to the cytoplams where proteins are Made from it.

10. A portion on a DNA molecule that contains genetic information is called a: gene

11. These are later copied and used to create: proteins

12. These macromolecules are created by connecting_________ _______ using polypeptide bonds: Amino acids

13. Below is a DNA sequences of nitrogenous bases. Below it write the corresponding nitrogenous base for the other side of the DNA Molecule: ACTGGCCTAGGCTA TGACCGGATCCGAT A with T , C with G

14. RNA is different from DNA because instead of the nitrogenous base ________ found on DNA, RNA has the nitrogenous base__________: Thymine; Uracil

15. Below is the DNA sequence. Below it write the corresponding bases for a RNA molecule: ACTGGCCTAGGCTA UGACCGGAUCCGAU

16. There are three types of RNA. They are: • mRNA • tRNA • rRNA

17. Match the function/description for each type of RNA: ______Makes up part of the ribosome;allows for the mRNA to attach to the ribosome and begin Translation when the ribosome starts to read codons. _____The RNA copy of the DNA in the nucleus; leaves to go to the cytoplasm and attach to a ribosome. ____ Carries the correct amino acid to the mRNA during translation; has the anticodon. rRNA mRNA tRNA

18. mRNA ____ Made up of codons (groups of three bases) that code for a specific amino acid. _____ Contains an anticodon ( the complement to the codon) that allows it to attach to the mRNA/ribosome during translation. tRNA

19. Protein Synthesis is made up of two steps. Below list the two steps and where each occurs in the cell and summarize the events: Name Location What happens?

20. Put the following in the correct order of appearance in Protein Synthesis: DNA, mRNA, ribosome, codon, tRNA, anti-codon, amino acid, protein

21. DNA RNA PROTEIN Transcription Translation Replication

22. PHENOTYPE How you look= PROTEIN TRAITS What genes you have= GENOTYPE

23. Mutations are any change in the genetic code: • DNA may not replicate properly and the incorrect base attached • There may be a mistake in transcription • There may be a mistake in translation • There may be too many or too few chromosomes ( occurs in Meiosis) 5. Parts of chromosomes may be added or deleted ….there are many causes and types of mutations

24. Practice Questions

25. Look at the DNA sequence below: GAA TTC GCA What do the G and A represent in the DNA sequence? a. sugars b. amino acids c. phosphates d. nitrogen bases

26. 2. How many nucleotides are needed to code for one amino acid? a. 1 b. 3 c. 4 d. 6

27. 3. Which of these results when one nitrogen base replaces another in a segment of genetic material? a. an enzyme substrate b. a mutation c. a feedback loop d. an adaptation

28. 4. Which is the compliment the the following DNA AGC-TAC-ACT? a. UCGAUGUGA b. AGCTACACT c. TCGATGTGA d. TCACATCGA

29. 5. A researcher recently discovered a species of bacteria. DNA sequences were obtained from it and form several other species of bacteria. The DNA sequences came from the same part of the bacterial chromosome of each species. Unknown Species ACT GCA GCC Species I ACA GCG CCG Species II ACT GCT GGC Species III ACA GCC GGG Species IV ACT GCA GCGAccording to the data above, the unknown bacteria are most closely related to which species?a. Species Ib. Species IIc. Species IIId. Species IV

30. 6. During cell replication, an error may result in a base pair substitution. Which of these terms describes the change in base pair sequence? a. Cloning b. Meiosis c. Mutation d. translation

31. Which of these describes a mutation that can be inherited? a. Random breakage in a liver cell’s DNA b. Abnormal lung cells produced by toxins in smoke c. A nitrogen base substitution in a gamete cell d. Ultraviolet radiation damage to skin cells

32. 8. Which of these are the repeating units that form a DNA molecule? a. Fatty acids b. Nucleotides c. Amino Acids d. Chromosomes

33. 9. Hemoglobin is an important protein in red blood cells. The DNA code for hemoglobin contains the following segment: TGC – GGA – CTC – CTC Which of these is the messenger RNA code for this segment of DNA? a. ACG-CCT-GAA-GAA b. TCC-GGT-CTC-CTC c. ACG-CCU-GAG-GAG d. UGC-GGA-CUC-CUC

34. 10. Which is a not true of the difference between DNA and RNA? a. DNA is double stranded and RNA is single b. DNA has thymine and RNA has Uracil c. DNA and RNA can replicate d. DNA codes for mRNA which in turn codes for proteins

35. 11. What organelle is necessary for protein synthesis? a. mitochondria b. ribosome c. vacuole d. cell membrane

36. 12. What are the repeating units of all proteins? a. enzymes b. amino acids c. nucleotides d. monosaccharides