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Pulse

Pulse. Pulse – expansion and recoil of a blood vessel wall (pressure wave) occurs as heart beats Monitored at “pressure points” where pulse is easily palpated . Figure 11.16. Blood Pressure. Measurement of force applied to artery walls

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Pulse

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  1. Pulse Pulse – expansion and recoil of a blood vessel wall (pressure wave) occurs as heart beats Monitored at “pressure points” where pulse is easily palpated Figure 11.16

  2. Blood Pressure Measurement of force applied to artery walls Measurements made on the pressure in large arteries (brachial arteries) B.P. reading given as 2 numbers: 120/80 mmHg Higher on artery side, decreases as you move away from the heart

  3. Blood Pressure Systolic – pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction (top #) Example: on cuff below, the systolic is 118 Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax (bottom #) Example: on cuff below, the diastolic is 78

  4. Variations in Blood Pressure Human normal range is variable Normal B.P. 140–110 mm Hg systolic 80–70 mm Hg diastolic Hypotension Low systolic (below 110) Hypertension High systolic (above 140 ) Can be dangerous if it is chronic

  5. Blood Pressure: Factors Neural factors: Sympathetic nervous system causes vasoconstriction which raises blood pressure. Renal factors: The kidneys regulate blood volume Increased blood volume increases blood pressure Aldosterone, ADH Renin (when BP low, it stimulates aldosterone secretion)

  6. Blood Pressure: Factors Decreased blood volume decreases blood pressure ANP(atrial natriuretic peptide) decreases blood volume. (increases urine output) Hormonal factors Epinephrine increases BP as does nicotine Poor diet choices can lead to high BP.

  7. Blood Pressure Factors Temperature Cold-vasoconstricting effect, BP increases Cold compress to reduce swelling Warm compress: speed circulation to that area Alcohol: Decreases blood pressure, vasodilation

  8. Peripheral Resistance and Blood Pressure Amount of friction encountered by blood as it flows through the vessels Atherosclerosis Changes in walls of arteries due to lipid deposits lose elasticity Pictured Left: Coronary artery

  9. Blood Vessels: The Vascular System • Arteries carry blood away from the heart • Arterioles connect arteries to veins • Pathway of blood flow in vascular system (see below) • AortaarteriesarteriolescapillariesvenulesveinsVenacavae Largest---------->>smallest---------------->>smallest>>largest • Capillaries are the site of nutrient exchange at the body tissues • Venules connect capillaries to veins • Veins carry bloodback to the heart Figure 11.8a

  10. Differences Between Blood Vessel Types • Walls of arteries are the thickest • Must be able to expand when blood is forced into it/compress as blood is forced out into circulation • Lumens of veins are larger • Lower pressure, moving blood against gravity • Vein Special Features: • Skeletal muscle contracts, pressing against the veins. Valves proximal to area of contraction are open, squeezing blood toward the heart. • Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue

  11. Blood Vessels: Anatomy • Three layers (tunics) • Tunic intima(interna) • Endothelium • Loose connective tissue • Tunic media • Smooth muscle • Controlled by sympathetic nervous system • Active in changing the diameter of the vessels • Tunic externa • Mostly fibrous connective tissue

  12. The Vascular System Figure 11.8b

  13. Movement of Blood Through Vessels Figure 11.9

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