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HAND TOOLS

HAND TOOLS. Screwdrivers Common or Standard Should not be used as a punch, chisel, pry-bar, or nail puller The blade size should be close to the screw slot width, and the blade thickness should fit as tightly as possible in the screw head slot. HAND TOOLS. Phillips

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HAND TOOLS

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  1. HAND TOOLS • Screwdrivers • Common or Standard • Should not be used as a punch, chisel, pry-bar, or nail puller • The blade size should be close to the screw slot width, and the blade thickness should fit as tightly as possible in the screw head slot

  2. HAND TOOLS • Phillips • The tip of a Phillips screwdriver is rounded • The tip should fit snugly into the screw head • Frearson • Also known as a Reed and Prince • The tip comes to a point rather than rounded • Any Frearson screwdriver will fit any Frearson screw • However, do not use a Frearson screwdriver in place of a Phillips

  3. HAND TOOLS • Torx • Torx screws have a six point star pattern • Require a Torx driver to properly drive them • Do not use an Allen wrench in place of a Torx driver • Tamperproof Torx • Also called security Torx • A star shaped screw just like a regular Torx except there is an additional hole in the middle • Must use a tamperproof Torx driver to remove these screws

  4. HAND TOOLS • Square • Also called a Robertson drive • A hexagonal shaped driver for driving screws with square holes • Hammers • Common • Have forged steel heads • Sizes vary in weight from 4 ounces to 2 ½ pounds

  5. HAND TOOLS • Types of common hammers are: • Claw hammer – used for driving and pulling nails • Ballpeen hammer – used for metalwork preening operations or for tapping punches and chisels • Soft hammers (mallets) • Used to form soft metals or drive closely fitting parts together • Since they are made of soft material they should not be used for hard work such as driving punches, nuts, or bolts • Two types: soft-faced and true mallet • On a true mallet, the soft head is composed of rubber, brass, bronze, lead, or plastic • On a soft-faced hammer, only the surface of the head is composed of these materials

  6. HAND TOOLS • Safety Precautions • Misuse of a hammer may cause damage to the hammer, the equipment, or the user • Make sure the work ares is clean • Make sure your hands are clean and dry • Never use a hammer or mallet with a loose head; most accidents involving hammers are caused by loose heads

  7. HAND TOOLS • Chisels • Classified according to their type of point • Flat (cold) – most common, used for cutting sheet metal, chipping, cutting heads off rivets or screws, and all general cutting procedures • Cape – used to cut grooves, slots, and chipping flat surfaces too narrow for a flat chisel • Half-roundnose – cuts round (concave) grooves • Diamond Point – cuts V-shaped grooves

  8. HAND TOOLS • Proper use • Hold the chisel cutting edge precisely at the point you wish to make the cut • Choose an angle that will allow it to follow the desired finished surface • After each hammer blow, set the chisel to the correct position for the next cut • Always wear safety glasses when using any type of chisel since pieces of the item being chiseled and pieces of the chisel itself may fly

  9. HAND TOOLS • Proper care • Chisels should always be kept sharp by sharpening the cutting edge at a 60° angle • Chisel heads that have mushroomed from hammer blows should be ground back into the original shape

  10. HAND TOOLS • Punches • The type of punch will depend upon the type of job you are trying to accomplish • There are three general types: • Pin punch • Has a straight shaft • Used to remove a straight pin or taper pin after it has been loosened with a starting punch, which can take more stress • Starting punch • A modified pin punch • Has a tapered shaft used to loosen or set straight or tapered pins

  11. HAND TOOLS • Prick punch • Primarily used for timing marks and making small indentations • Used in metal work to make small indentations that act as guides for a twist-drill • Drift punch • Often called a drift pin • Used for aligning holes in two pieces of material to simplify inserting bolts, rivets, pins, etc.

  12. HAND TOOLS • Pliers • Intended for holding small objects and bending or cutting thin soft wire or metal strips • Should never be used as a tongs • Most common types: • Adjustable combination (standard) pliers • Adjustable water pump (Channel Locks) pliers • Locking pliers (Vise Grips)

  13. HAND TOOLS • Long-nose (needle nosed) pliers • Diagonal cutter • A soft wire cutting tool only; has no gripping jaws • When cutting wire, place the wire as close to the pivot point as possible • Side-cutting pliers • Also called linemans or electricians pliers • Heavy duty pliers that combine the gripping jaw of the combination pliers and the cutting surface of the diagonal cutters

  14. HAND TOOLS • Wrenches • Used to apply a turning force to bolt heads, nuts, and screws; also for gripping round material such as pipes, studs, and rods • Precautions • Each type of wrench has a specific purpose and must be utilized properly or you may injure yourself or damage the equipment • Always pull on a wrench, never push on it • Always make sure the wrench opening fits the nut exactly

  15. HAND TOOLS • Types • Open wrench • Most common type • Usually vary in size from 3/16 to 1 inch • More sturdily constructed than boxend or adjustable wrenches

  16. HAND TOOLS • Adjustable (Crescent) wrench • Should be restricted to light work • Should only be used for odd-sized nuts and bolts • Box wrench • Better than open-end or adjustable wrenches for working in close quarters • Less likely to slip off nut or bolt • More torque can be applied • Come with either six or twelve points • A 6 point is less likely to strip the nut or bolt head • A 12 point can be used to loosen or tighten a nut with a minimum handle travel of 30°

  17. HAND TOOLS • Socket wrenches • Come in both standard and metric sized openings • Come in both 6 and 12 points • Come in differing drive sizes such as 1/4”, 3/8”, and 1/2” • Torque wrench • Actually a special handle for a socket wrench • Used when the torque of a nut or bolt is critical • Torque wrenches are calibrated in inch-pounds or foot-pounds

  18. HAND TOOLS • Two types: • Indicating - indicates the amount of torque being applied either on a dial or a pointer • Brakeaway - automatically releases when a predetermined amount of torque is reached

  19. HAND TOOLS • Hex (Allen) wrench • Come in both standard and metric • Used on setscrews and cap screws with recessed heads • Not designed for high torque • Very common in medical Equipment • Pipe wrench • Designed for use on pipes or round metal • The jaws of the wrench have teeth that bite into the round material to grab in one direction only • Moving the wrench in the opposite direction allows the wrench to be repositioned for additional pulling similar to a ratcheting action

  20. HAND TOOLS • Files • A hardened high-carbon-steel tool used for cutting, removing, smoothing, or polishing metal • The cutting teeth are made up of diagonal rows of chisel cuts along the file face • They come in various shapes and sizes and range in length from 3 to 24 inches

  21. HAND TOOLS • Files are categorized by name and/or cut and grade • Grade refers to the distance between the parallel cuts (coarseness) • The order of coarseness is • Curved • Coarse • Bastard • Second cut • Smooth • Dead smooth

  22. HAND TOOLS • Selecting the correct file: • Use a large, coarse, double-cut file for heavy, rough cutting • Use a second-cut, or smooth, single-cut file when finishing cuts • Use and care • Apply pressure on the forward stroke only • Do not exceed 30 to 40 strokes per minute (may ruin the file and the work)

  23. HAND TOOLS • Always use a file handle to prevent cuts and punctures from the filings • When filing soft metals or narrow surfaces be sure to clean it regularly with a brush or pin to avoid pinning (small particles of the work getting clogged in the file teeth) • Saws • Cross-cut and rip saws are used to cut wood

  24. HAND TOOLS • Hacksaws are used for cutting all types of metal • Two types of frames – solid and adjustable • Two types of blades – all-hard or flexible • The all-hard blade is hardened throughout and is used for sawing brass, tool steel, cast iron, and other stock with a heavy cross section • On a flexible blade only the teeth are hardened, so the blade does not break as easily under bending stress; it is used for sawing hollow shapes and metals with a light cross section such as tin, copper and aluminum • Blades are made with pitches (teeth per inch) of 14, 18, 24, and 32 • Install the blade with the teeth pointed away from you • Pressure is applied on the forward stroke only

  25. HAND TOOLS • Special tools • Screw extractor (Easy Out) • Used to extract broken screws and bolts • The tool is tapered and has sharp ridges (similar to left-hand threads) that grip the sides of the hole drilled into the broken part so it can be backed out of the hole • To perform an extraction: • Drill a hole in the broken part slightly smaller than it’s diameter taking care not to drill into the threads • Insert the screw extractor into the drilled hole, lightly tap the extractor to seat it, and turn it counter-clockwise to remove

  26. HAND TOOLS • Taps and dies – used to cut thread in holes and outside threads on rods or bolts or to repair threads with minor damage • Taps – used for cutting threads inside of holes of metal, fiber, or other material • They range in size from 0 to 30 (i.e. a 10-24 tap will thread a hole for a #10 screw with a threads per inch [tpi] count of 24) • There are three types of taps: • Taper tap – used to start all threads and finish the threading if it can be run entirely through the work • Plug tap – used when one end of the hole is plugged • Bottoming tap – used when it is necessary to cut a full thread to the bottom of a closed hole

  27. HAND TOOLS • Tapping • First determine what screw size you are using by utilizing a pitch gauge. • Next, choose the proper drill size by using a tapping table • Drill a hole in the material you want to thread ensuring the hole is straight • Lubricate the tap with oil to both cool the work and help clear away chips • Mount the tap wrench on the square shank of the tap and turn it in a clockwise direction • Use sufficient downward pressure to start the tap cutting

  28. HAND TOOLS • Once the cutting begins, do not apply any additional pressure • The safest procedure is to take a half turn forward and then a quarter turn back, then a half turn forward, etc., until the work has been completed • The normal procedure for tapping a closed hole is to use each of the three types of taps (taper, plug, bottoming) in succession • When the tap won’t turn and you notice a springy feeling, stop immediately and clear away the chips

  29. HAND TOOLS • Dies – cut outside threads on round stock • Preparation • Clamp the material to be threaded tightly in a vise • Adjust the screw in the die to expand it, then place the die in the die stock • Expansion of the die is required to prevent cutting too deeply on the first cut • Failure to expand the die could cause the die threads to shatter • Use cutting oil for lubrication

  30. HAND TOOLS • Cutting threads • Place the die on the work and, while applying pressure, turn the die stock clockwise • Make sure the die has started straight • If not, straighten it by applying pressure on one side • Turn the die clockwise half a turn, then back it up counter-clockwise a quarter turn to eliminate shavings • Once the die has started cutting threads, downward pressure is no longer required • Continue cutting threads until at least two threads extend past the die or until the desired thread length is reached

  31. HAND TOOLS • To produce good threads, make two cuts with a die • On the second cut, remove the die from the stock and turn the adjusting screw one quarter turn to allow the die to contract slightly • Repeat this procedure until you get the desired fit for the second cut • The second cut is used to produce finished threads • Measurement tools • Used for checking thickness and sizes of parts and materials • In the maintenance area you should find gauges for checking the size of twist drills, wire, screw thread count or pitch, and thickness

  32. HAND TOOLS • Drill gauge • A metal plate with holes corresponding to the various twist drill sizes, each marked to indicate the size • Use a gauge for checking the size of a twist drill or for separating an assortment of unknown sizes • Screw thread gauge • Contains several blades with teeth that correspond to the various screw thread counts • Each blade is stamped with a number indicating the threads per inch

  33. HAND TOOLS • Gap gauge • Measures the space between two objects • Contains hardened steel blades ground to a definite thickness, usually from .001 to .03 inches • Often called a “feeler gauge” • Micrometer or dial caliper • A device for precisely measuring the thickness or length of an object • Often used when a ruler or other measuring device is not convenient or not sufficiently accurate

  34. HAND TOOLS • Tool safety • Don’t hold the work in your hand • If the tool slips it may cut or pierce your hand • Always place the work on a bench or in a vise • Using the wrong size or type of tool may damage the equipment • May strip a nut or bolt by using pliers instead of a proper fitting wrench • Using the wrong sized screwdriver may strip the head of the screw making the job much more difficult

  35. HAND TOOLS • General precautions for tool use • Keep your bench, work area, and tool kit neat, clean, and orderly • Always protect cutting edges • Keep all tool handles and working surfaces free of oil or liquids • “Right tool for the job”

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