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Diesel: Gasoline’s Dirty Cousin?

Diesel: Gasoline’s Dirty Cousin?. Or the Little Engine that Keeps American Power Reliable By: Michael D. Mankowski . How is Diesel Different from Gasoline?(1). Diesel is a petroleum-based fuel with a higher energy content than gasoline.

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Diesel: Gasoline’s Dirty Cousin?

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  1. Diesel: Gasoline’s Dirty Cousin? Or the Little Engine that Keeps American Power Reliable By: Michael D. Mankowski

  2. How is Diesel Different from Gasoline?(1) • Diesel is a petroleum-based fuel with a higher energy content than gasoline. • contains about 30% more energy per gallon as compared to gasoline. • Diesel is a safer fuel than gasoline or other alternatives. • less flammable and explosive than gasoline due to lower combustibility.

  3. How is Diesel Different from Gasoline?(2) • Diesel is Cheaper than Gasoline • Current Cost of a Gallon of Gasoline and Diesel • Gasoline = $1.78 • Diesel = $1.65

  4. How a Diesel Engine Works

  5. Compression Instead of Spark • Diesel engines ignite fuel with compression • The piston stroke in a diesel engine results in a compression of the fuel air mixture so intense that it combusts spontaneously. • Gasoline engines ignite fuel with spark plugs • Gasoline engines inject fuel during the intake stroke, Diesel during the Compression Stroke.

  6. Three Ways of Injecting Fuel • Crankshaft Driven Fuel Pump • Common-rail Fuel Injection • Unit Injection

  7. Crankshaft Driven Fuel Pump A fuel distribution pump geared to the crankshaft to sends a pulse of pressurized fuel down a dedicated pipe to each cylinder at a predetermined point in the compression stroke.

  8. Common-rail Fuel Injection(1) • Uses a pump to deliver pressurized fuel to all the injectors and than relies on electronically controlled valves at each injector to open as needed. • Used on most modern Diesel Engines

  9. Common-rail Fuel Injection(1)

  10. Unit Injection • Delivers low-pressure fuel to each cylinder and relies on the injector to generate its own pressure mechanically. • Most heavy-duty diesels use unit injectors, which can be equipped with an electronic control valve to regulate the amount and timing of the injection.

  11. Misconceptions About Diesel • It’s Dirty • It Causes a lot of Pollution • It has Limited Uses

  12. Benefits of Diesel • A well maintained diesel engine usually emits lower levels of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide than gasoline engines. • Better fuel economy, • Increased durability for longer engine life.

  13. Problems with “Old” Diesel Technologies • High Sulfur Content of Fuel • High NOx Emissions • High Particulate Matter Emissions • The “Black Smoke” everyone sees • Noisy Engines

  14. Sulfur Content • Diesel fuel available in the U.S. currently contains from 340 ppm of sulfur to 140 ppm in California. • European Standards are much lower • As low as 10 ppm in Germany and Sweden

  15. NOx Emissions • High cylinder pressure and temperature with excessive air is the recipe for making NOx • Because of excess air in diesel engines, current catalytic can’t scrub out NOx

  16. Particulate Matter • Unburned fuel in the compression ignition process becomes soot, a pervasive form of particulate matter.

  17. Clean Diesel • Clean diesel is an evolutionary systems-based process that combines advancements in diesel engines, cleaner burning fuels and emissions control system, all working and optimized together.

  18. What Makes Diesel Clean? • The Three Pillars of Clean Diesel Technology: • cleaner-burning fuels • state-of-the-art engines • effective emissions-control systems

  19. Cleaner Burning Fuels • The newest in diesel fuels is called Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) • Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel is a specially refined diesel fuel that has dramatically lower sulfur content than regular diesel and can be used in any diesel engine just like regular diesel fuel. • Today, the sulfur content of ULSD ranges from 15 to 30 parts per million. Regular diesel has a maximum of 500 parts per million of sulfur.

  20. How Does ULSD Help? • Reduces sulfate emissions • Allows the use of particulate traps and catalytic converters • Lowers engine maintenance costs • Easy to convert to • No retrofitting required • Only costs a few cents more

  21. State of the Art Engines • New Engine Technologies • Electronic Controls • Common-rail Fuel Injection • Variable Injection Timing • Improved Combustion Chamber Configuration • Turbocharging

  22. New Pollution Controls • Particulate Traps • Oxidation Catalysts

  23. So What does all of this Have to do with Reliability? • Better diesel technology means greater efficiency • Efficient diesel technology is required in order to comply with upcoming environmental legislation • America wouldn’t be able to function without diesel

  24. Diesel is an Integral Part of America • Diesel is used in many different industries • Transportation • Shipping • Agriculture • Mining • Energy Production • Safety • Homeland Security • Defense

  25. Electrical System • Almost all of these industries play a part in making sure that the electrical system in the U.S. stays intact • Power plants can’t produce power without fuel, and most of that fuel is produced and move by diesel • Diesel also plays an integral part in providing power when disaster strikes, or the major electrical systems fail

  26. How Diesel Effects Reliability • Backup Generators • Equipment • Transportation • Shipping

  27. Backup Generators(1) • Many Sources use Diesel Generators for Backup power • Hospitals • Nuclear Plants • Public Utilities • Food Storage

  28. Backup Generators(2) • Diesel generators kick on within seconds, providing immediate, full strength power when it is needed most

  29. Equipment • Most of the nonroad equipment used in the United States is powered by Diesel • Snow plows • Mining Machinery • U.S. Military Vehicles • Emergency Response Vehicles

  30. Public Transportation • In 1998, 95% of the nation’s full-sized transit buses were powered by diesel • Close to 60% of America’s elementary and secondary schools used diesel to power the buses that take children to school everyday

  31. Shipping • 94% of all goods shipped in the U.S. are shipped using diesel power • Diesel dominates the trucking, railroad, boat and barge industries

  32. Legal Framework for Diesel • Legislation heavily influences the use of diesel • Upcoming legislation could eliminate diesel use if it weren’t for ongoing technological development and improvement

  33. New Engines • Engine manufacturers have been subject to nationwide, federally-enforceable air pollution standards under the Clean Air Act since 1970 • In 1970, the CAA mandated 90% reductions for levels of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and oxides of nitrogen (N0x) in light-duty vehicles by 1976. • In 1977, further amendments to the CAA mandated a 90% reduction in CO and HC for heavy-duty vehicles by 1984, and a 75% reduction in NOx by 1985.

  34. New Engines (2) • In 1990, further amendments to the CAA were established and EPA recently enacted regulations that will reduce NOx and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines by over 50% from 1998 levels. • These standards dramatically reduced the amount of emissions form diesel engines, but tougher standards are on the way.

  35. Regulation of New Engines and Fuels (1) • In 2001, EPA created a new rule: • Control of Air Pollution From New Motor Vehicles: Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards and Highway Diesel Fuel Sulfur Control Requirements • This rule controls both new diesel engines and the sulfur content of diesel fuels

  36. Regulation of New Engines and Fuels (2) • New Standards for Particulate Matter and NOx • 90% reduction of current standard for PM • 95% reduction for NOx • 97 % reduction of Sulfur content • It sets new standards that will go into effect in model year 2007 for the trucks and mid 2006 for the fuel

  37. Durability and Maintenance • EPA’s 1997 rulemaking for enhanced emission standards for heavy-duty diesels included several provisions to enhance durability requirements for emissions performance. • Increased useful life mileage from 290,000 to 435,000. • Enhanced Inspection and Maintenance requirements. • Enhanced emissions defect and performance warranties.

  38. Regulation of Existing Engines • In 1994, EPA established a stringent three-tiered emissions reduction scheme that subjects all non-road engines - regardless of size -- to progressively more stringent emission standards and will radically reduce emissions from non-road engines by more than 70% in many cases. • Tier 2 and Tier 3 standards, which include large diesel engines, were made more stringent in 1998 • NOx and Particulate Matter emission standards were reduced up to 2/3rds for some applications

  39. Conclusion(1) • Diesel should continue to be developed because it is important to most of the industries in the U.S. • Much progress has been made in making diesel a more efficient and clean fuel choice. • Most of the problems associated with diesel in decades passed have been eliminated or reduced • The diesel engines of today are cleaner, more efficient, and more powerful than the ones built even ten years ago

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