Neutron sources for material science, condensed matter physics (SNS, JPARC, ESS)

Extension of the Liège Intra Nuclear Cascade model to light ion-induced collisions for medical and space applicationsD. Mancusi1, 2,P. Kaitaniemi1, 3, A. Boudard1, J. Cugnon2, J.C. David1, and S. Leray11 CEA/Saclay, IRFU/SPhN, France,2 Liège University, Belgium,3 Helsinki Institute of Physics, Finland

Applications of spallation reactions • Accelerator-driven sub-critical reactors for nuclear waste transmutation (MYRRHA Belgium) • Neutron sources for material science, condensed matter physics (SNS, JPARC, ESS) MYRRHA • Production of radioactive beams for funda-mental nuclear physics studies (ISOLDE CERN, FRIB, EURISOL) • Therapy with protons or heavy ions beams • Radiation protection, damage to electronic circuits in space or near accelerators

Fragmentation in hadrontherapy Carbon fragmentation (~50% of the C ions)  spreading of the dose outside the tumorvolume Ionization function of a 200 MeV u-1 carbon ion beam in water (K. Gunzer-Marx et al., New Journal of Physics 10 (2008) 075003) Tracks reconstructed in emulsion From T. Toshito et al., 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record

Effects of galactic cosmic rays in spacecrafts space Assessment of radiation risk for mannedspaceflights, estimates of single eventupset (SEU) rates for spacecraft memory devices Relative contribution of different ions to flux, dose, and dose equivalent from galactic cosmic radiation Durante & Cucinotta, Nature Rev. Cancer (2008) Differential flux of galacticcosmicraysJ. Miller, Gravitational and Space Biology Bulletin 16(2) June 2003

Experiments at GSI FIRST experiment: Fragmentationof Ions Relevantfor Spaceand Therapy(INFN - IRFU/SPhN – GSI - ESA collaboration) See C. Agodi’s talk • C+C, C+Au @ 400 AMeV measured in 2011 • further experiments foreseen in 2013: other energies, Fe+Si, Fe+C

Ingredients of the INCL4 model • Target preparation • Wood-Saxon density • Fermi momentum • Entering particles • Coulomb deviation • Propagation (t dependence) • Straight lines, constant velocity • Energy, isospin dependent potential • Interactions (NN, Δ, ) • Minimum distance of approach • Pauli principle • Escaping particles • Quantum transmission • Coalescence in phase space • clusters (d, t, α…Be) • End of the cascade • (A, Z, E*, J) starting state • for de-excitation (ABLA) p (1 GeV) N Transmission N Reflection N b D p D N N Potential p in E=0 Ef (38 MeV) h h (A. Boudard et al., PRC66 (2002) 044615, NPA 740 (2004) 195) h V0 (- 45 MeV)

Validation of INCL4 against experimental data • the Intra-Nuclear Cascade model INCL4.6 coupled to ABLA07 LCP production p(1200 MeV) + Ta Reaction Cross-section Neutron production pion production Residue mass distribution Isotopic Cross-section

IAEA benchmark of spallation models Neutron double differential cross-sections global analysis:Division of the spectra in 4 energy regions: evaporation, pre-equilibrium, pure cascade and quasi-elastic Residue global analysis: Division of the distributions in mass/charge regions: evaporation residues, deep spallation, fission and intermediate mass fragments Mass and charge distributions

Implementation into high-energy transport codes • MCNPX : • INCL4.2 - ABLA INCL4.6 - ABLA07 in MCNPX2.7b (private version) • GEANT4 : • INCL4.2 + LI extension - ABLA (C++ transcription) (removed) • INCL++ (=INCL4.6 + LI extension fullyrewritten) coupled to ABLA and G4-deexcitation • PHITS(coll. JAEA, RIST, KEK) • INCL4.6 coupled with the GEM de-excitation model • MARS (coll. Fermilab) • INCL4.2 + HE extension – ABLA07

Extension of INCL4 to LCP induced reactions • Coulomb deviation • Exact reaction Q values (masses from tables) • Fusion at low energies • Frozen projectile Fermi motion until one nucleon interacts • Absorption for projectile nucleons entering below Ef and with • Smooth transition from complete to incomplete fusion • direct (peripheral) reactions

Accurate Nuclear Data for nuclear Energy Sustainability Extension of INCL4 to LCP induced reactions • (4He,xn) excitation functions

Production of At isotopes in ISOLDE experiment • Two production channels: • secondary reactions induced by heliums for heavy isotopes • Bi (p,π-) for light isotopes p (1.4 GeV) on a thickPbBitarget Calculationswith INCL4.6-ABLA07 in MCNPX2.7.b Data from Y. Tall et al., ND2007

Extension to light-ion induced reactions up to 18O (in the “a” c.m.) Spectators (+ transparents) a • Projectile spectator: • = geometrical spectators + non-interacting nucleons • Excitation energy: hole configuration • De-excitation by Fermi-Breakup b A • Target remnant: • “normal” INC • De-excitation by evaporation or Fermi-Breakup depending on mass !! Not symmetric treatment !!

Light-ion induced reactions: neutron production 12C + 12C GEANT4 calculations 135 MeV/u 290 MeV/u

Charge changing cross-sections Fe+C 3000 MeV/u Fe+C 500 MeV/u Cl+C 1000 MeV/u

Charge changing cross-sections Fe+C 500 MeV/u Fe+C 3000 MeV/u Cl+C 1000 MeV/u

Thick target calculation with GEANT4 12C (95 A MeV) on 5 mm PMMA Charge distributions Data from B. Braunn et al., NIMB 269, 2676-2684 (2011) 10° 7° 20°

Thick target calculation with GEANT4 12C (200 MeV/u) stopped in 12.78 cm of water Particle DDXS Data: K Gunzert-Marx et al., New Journal of Physics 10 (2008) 075003 Renormalization needed for d and 4He p α d

Conclusion • The Intra-Nuclear Cascade model INCL4, which (coupled to ABLA) has proven to be one of the best spallation model for applications, has been extended to light-ion induced reactions and implemented into GEANT4 • very promising results despite crude approximations • agreement with data similar to QMD, but ~5 times faster • Future work • Extension to 10 GeV : multipion channels (done), strangeness production, antiproton…. (foreseen in the future) • Symmetric treatment with interacting potentials • Goal: unified code including HE and LI extensions

Neutron sources for material science, condensed matter physics (SNS, JPARC, ESS)