1 / 49

Building of American States Theme: How and why the US, Canada, and Latin America developed differently

Building of American States Theme: How and why the US, Canada, and Latin America developed differently. Lesson 15. Three Different Experiences. America Manifest Destiny, Growth, and Dominance Canada Evolution, Prosperity, and Independence Latin America

oksana
Download Presentation

Building of American States Theme: How and why the US, Canada, and Latin America developed differently

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Building of American StatesTheme: How and why the US, Canada, and Latin America developed differently Lesson 15

  2. Three Different Experiences • America • Manifest Destiny, Growth, and Dominance • Canada • Evolution, Prosperity, and Independence • Latin America • Fragmentation, Conflict, and Dependence

  3. Louisiana Purchase • In 1803, Napoleon needed funds immediately to protect revolutionary France from its enemies so he sold the US France’s Louisiana Territory which extended from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains for $15 million • With the Louisiana Purchase, the US doubled in size

  4. Lewis and Clark • Between 1804 and 1806, a geographical expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark mapped the territory and surveyed its resources • Undaunted Courage by Stephen Ambrose Lewis and Clark’s outbound route shown in red, inbound in blue

  5. Manifest Destiny • Settlers began flocking west in search of cheap land • “(It is) ...our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty.” • John O’Sullivan, editor of the “The Morning Post,” 1845

  6. Indian Removal • Westward expansion caused conflicts with Native Americans • The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was designed to move all Indians west of the Mississippi River into “Indian Territory” (Oklahoma) • The Cherokees called their 800-mile migration the “Trail of Tears”

  7. Indian Removal in Mississippi • The Choctaw were Mississippi’s largest tribe and the first southeastern Indians to accept removal • Began migrating in the 1830s • There were an estimated 19,554 Choctaw before removal • 12,500 moved to Indian Territory • 2,500 died along the way • 5,000 to 6,000 remained in Mississippi

  8. Plains Indians • After the 1840s, the conflict between settlers and Indians shifted to the plains region west of the Mississippi • After the Civil War, William Sherman assumed command of the Missouri district, which stretched from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi. • He declared all Indians not on reservations “are hostile and will remain so until killed off” • The last significant battle took place at Wounded Knee, South Dakota in 1890 Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th Cavalry crossing the Gila River, Arizona Territory, ca. 1878

  9. Mexican War • Causes • US foreign policy of expansion (Manifest Destiny) soon put it in conflict with Mexico • In 1836, Texas declared independence from Mexico and in 1845 the US annexed Texas in spite of Mexico’s never relinquishing its claim Depiction of Davy Crockett at the Alamo by Mark Churms

  10. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) • Not an overly popular war, especially in the northeast • US won and paid Mexico $15 million while taking possession of Texas north of the Rio Grande, California, and New Mexico

  11. Civil War: Commonly Cited Causes • Slavery • States rights versus centralized government • Agrarian versus industrialized way of life • Cultural differences

  12. Road to the Civil War • Missouri Compromise (1820) -Maine admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave, but no other slave states from the Louisiana Purchase territory would be allowed north of Missouri’s southern boundary • Nullification Crisis (1832) -- Responding to a tariff on manufactured goods, South Carolina declared a state can void any act of Congress it feels is unconstitutional John Calhoun, champion of the nullification doctrine

  13. Road to the Civil War (cont) • Mexican War (1846-1848) -- viewed by some as a Southern attempt to expand slavery • Wilmot Proviso (1846) fails • (Would have formally renounced any intention to introduce slavery into lands seized from Mexico) • Compromise of 1850 -- California admitted as a free state; slavery in New Mexico and Utah territories to be determined by popular sovereignty; slave trade prohibited in the District of Columbia; a more stringent fugitive slave law

  14. Road to the Civil War (cont) • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) -- popular sovereignty; effectively overturns Missouri Compromise • Harper’s Ferry and John Brown (1859) • Lincoln elected (Nov 6, 1860) • South Carolina votes to secede (Dec 20, 1860) • Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia, Florida, and Texas follow • Lincoln takes office (March 4, 1861) • Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861) • Lincoln requests 75,000 three-month volunteers (April 15, 1862) • Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee secede

  15. North Restore Union Therefore couldn’t completely alienate or destroy the South or the Southern people South Hold on to de facto independence Continue the struggle long enough for the North to tire of it Similar to American colonists Objectives

  16. Emancipation Proclamation (Remember from Lesson 5) • Issued by President Lincoln after the Federal victory at Antietam • “That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free…” • The fact that France and Britain had already ended slavery makes foreign intervention on behalf of the Confederacy nearly impossible

  17. End of the Civil War • On Apr 9, 1865, Lee surrendered • Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery • Reconstruction lasted until 1877 • The US would continue as a politically united nation with strengthened federal authority

  18. Railroads • A major component of America’s westward expansion was railroads • In 1862, Congress authorized a transcontinental railroad and on May 10, 1869 the Union Pacific tracks joined those of the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory, Utah

  19. Railroads • Before the Civil War, the US had about 31,000 miles of railroad lines and most were short routes east of the Mississippi River • By 1900, there were more than 200,000 miles of track and a rail network from coast to coast • Railroads linked all US regions and created an integrated national economy

  20. Immigrants • Many immigrants came to America after the mid-19th Century • Most did heavy labor at low wages, such as working on the railroad • Many came to look for gold in California During construction of the transcontinental railroad, the Central Pacific employed 12,000 Chinese, 90% of the entire work force

  21. America: Review • Product of the Enlightenment • Obtained land by purchase or conquest • Had enough sectional differences to fight a civil war but ended up remaining one nation • Used technology to connect the country • Benefited from an influx of labor

  22. Canada:Evolution, Prosperity, Independence • Canada was originally settled by both French and British trappers and settlers and was known as New France • When Britain won the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), Canada became part of the British Empire • Still, until the late 18th Century, French Canadians outnumbered British ones • Consequently imperial officials made large concessions to their subjects of French descent to forestall trouble

  23. Canada • British Canadians tended to live in Ontario, follow British law, and be Protestant • French Canadians tended to live in Quebec, follow French civil law, and be Catholic • The War of 1812 helped foster a spirit of unity against an external threat • The Americans made several attempts to invade Canada in order to pressure the British, but were always unsuccessful

  24. Canada • Westward expansion of the US and the American Civil War further helped to stifle internal conflicts in Canada • Along the way, Canada was becoming increasingly independent from Britain by evolution, rather than revolution • In 1867, Britain granted the Dominion of Canada independence and control over all internal affairs • Britain retained control over Canada’s external affairs until 1931

  25. Canadian Prosperity and Independence • The National Policy was Canada’s program of economic development designed to attract migrants, protect nascent industries through tariffs, and build national transportation networks • Using large amounts of British capital, Canada completed the transcontinental Canadian Pacific Railroad in 1885 Indian Head station on the Canadian Pacific Railroad

  26. Canadian Prosperity and Independence • Throughout the 19th Century, British investment outstripped US investment in Canada • In the early 20th Century, the US became increasingly active in the Canadian economy • By 1918, the US owned 30% of all Canadian industry • Ontario benefited greatly from spillover from the American economy • Today, the US and Canada have interdependent economies • Canada has been able to benefit from foreign investment, not become dependent on it, because of Canada’s ability to control and direct its own economic affairs

  27. Canada: Review • Reconciled divided identity peacefully • Obtained independence gradually and peacefully • Used economic policy and technology to expand • Built a healthy international trade relationship

  28. Latin America: Fragmentation, Conflict, and Dependence • Simon Bolivar (remember from Lsn 5) • Inspired by George Washington and Enlightenment ideas, Bolivar took up arms against Spanish rule in 1811 • Freed slaves who joined his forces • Provided constitutional guarantees of free status for all residents of Gran Columbia (Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador)

  29. Simon Bolivar • But Bolivar had once admitted that “I fear peace more than war.” • In fact, after defeating Spain, Latin America was unable to sustain solidarity • Bolivar’s Gran Columbia dissolved into its three constituent parts (Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador) and the rest of Latin America fragmented into numerous independent states Gran Colombia

  30. Political Instability • One of the reasons Latin America fragmented is that Latin American leaders had little experience with self-government • Portuguese and Spanish colonial regimes were far more autocratic than their British counterparts in North America • The new leaders in Latin America were enthusiastic about Enlightenment principles; they just didn’t know how to put them into practice

  31. Indigenous Peoples • As in North America, governments in Latin America who sought agricultural land came into conflict with indigenous peoples • Argentina and Chile were especially confrontational • By the 1870s, colonists had secured the most productive lands and forced the indigenous people to assimilate to Euro-American society or retreat to undesirable lands Julio Argentino Roca led the conquest of indigenous people in Argentina

  32. Caudillos • The general division and discord in Latin America facilitated the rise of caudillos, regional military leaders • The long wars of independence had left Latin America with military rather than civilian heroes • After independence, military leaders took center stage • Caudillos restored order, but did so through violence and terror Argentinean caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas

  33. Selected 20th Century Coups in Latin America • As a result of this history, Latin America has a history of coup d’etats • 1943: Argentina • 1954: Paraguay and Guatemala • 1963: Ecuador • 1964: Brazil • 1970: Bolivia • 1973: Chile and Uruguay • 1976: Ecuador Hugo Chavez survived an unsuccessful coup in Venezuela in 2002

  34. Mexican Reform • After defeat in the Mexican War, a liberal reform movement tried to reshape Mexico • President Benito Juarez began to limit the power of the military and the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico and sought to endow Mexicans with the means of making a living and enable them to participate in political affairs Benito Juarez, leader of La Reforma

  35. The Constitution of 1857 • Curtailed the prerogatives of priests and military elites • Guaranteed universal male suffrage and other civil liberties like freedom of speech • Allowed the confiscation of church properties, which accounted for almost half of all the productive land in Mexico • Intent was to redistribute land broadly, especially to indigenous people • Instead, speculators and large landowners bought up most of the land

  36. Mexican Revolution (1911-1920) • La Reforma challenged the fundamentalism of Mexican elites and a civil war broke out in 1911 • Peasants, workers, and middle class Mexicans fought to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Diaz • The revolt became increasingly radical and devolved into guerrilla war Porfirio Diaz (1830-1915)

  37. Mexican Revolution • Charismatic rebels such as Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa organized massive armies to fight against the government • Villa attacked and killed US citizens as a result of America’s support for the Mexican government General John Pershing led an unsuccessful American expedition to capture Villa. Pershing telegraphed Washington, “Villa is everywhere, but Villa is nowhere.”

  38. Mexican Revolution • In the end, government forces regained control, ambushing and killing Zapata in 1919 • Villa was assassinated in 1923 • Even though defeated, many of the revolution’s goals such as land redistribution were included in the Mexican Constitution of 1917 Revolutionary troops

  39. Latin American Dependence • Latin America in the 19th Century was plagued by division, rebellion, caudillo rule, civil war, instability, and conflict • Add that to colonial legacies that lacked economic development and local industry in Latin America and the pattern was set for foreign dependence • Because its economy required foreign investment to survive, Latin America became subject to decisions made in the interests of foreign investors • Latin American governments were controlled by the elites who profited from foreign involvement at the expense of the citizenry, so the governments actually encouraged Latin America’s economic dependence

  40. Case Study: United Fruit Company • From 1899 to 1970, UFCO was prominent in the trade of bananas and other fruit from Latin America to Europe and the US • An archetypal example of multinational influence extending deeply into the internal politics • “Banana republics” and neocolonialism The Peten, one of many ships in UFCO’s “Great White Fleet”

  41. Case Study: United Fruit Company • In addition to owning vast tracts of land, the UFCO dominated regional transportation networks and owned a major railroad corporation • In 1913, UFCO extended its reach by creating the Tropical Radio and Telegraph Company • By the end of the decade there would be virtually no aspect of the economic infrastructure of Latin American banana production untouched by the UFCO

  42. Case Study: United Fruit Company • One of the company’s primary tactics for maintaining market dominance was to control the distribution of banana lands. • UFCO claimed that hurricanes, blight, and other natural threats required them to hold extra land or reserve land. • In practice that meant UFCO was able to prevent the government from distributing banana lands to peasants who wanted a share of the banana trade. • For UFCO to maintain its unequal land holdings, it had to have government concessions. • This in turn meant that UFCO had to be politically involved in the region even though it was an American company.

  43. Case Study: United Fruit Company • When Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman tried to seize thousands of acres of uncultivated land owned by the UFCO in 1953, President Eisenhower empowered the CIA to engineer the overthrow of Arbenz’s government • A US-supported coup toppled Arbenz’s government in 1954 and returned the land to the UFCO Castillo Armas established a military government after the ouster of the democratically elected Arbenz, who the US feared had communist leanings

  44. Latin America: Review • Had a poor colonial experience that ill-prepared it for independence • Fragmented rather than consolidating • Plagued by in-fighting and instability • Slow to embrace Enlightenment philosophy • Rule by force • Economically exploited by foreign countries

  45. Review • So, compare and contrast the development of the American states of Canada, the US, and Latin America. • How does their past account for where they are now?

  46. Review • America • Manifest Destiny, Growth, and Dominance • Canada • Evolution, Prosperity, and Independence • Latin America • Fragmentation, Conflict, and Dependence

  47. Next • China and Japan The Forbidden City’s Gate of Supreme Harmony

More Related