North and South

1. North and South Chapter 14 pp. 406 - 429

2. Section 1: Industry in the North Main Idea: As the Northern economy grew, new inventions and faster transportation changed the way goods were manufactured and shipped.

3. New Inventions • New inventions for farming were created in the North including new plows, reapers and drills. • Jethro Wood’s iron plow had replaceable parts • John Deere invented the more lightweight steel plow.

4. The Telegraph • Invented by Samuel Morse in 1844. • The device sent electrical signals down a wire in a code of dots, dashes, and spaces. • Communication across the country got faster and improved business efficiency.

5. The First Railroads • Locomotive – the engine that pulls railroad cars. • People didn’t like the idea of railroads at first: • Some feared losing jobs as wagon drivers • There were many accidents including breakdowns and fires. • Eventually problems were fixed and by the 1850’s the railroad system was all over the country.

6. Yankee Clippers • Demand for imports and exports led to the need for fast trade ships. • Large masts and huge sails helped the ships use more wind to move the ship faster. • By the 1850’s, English iron steamships were being used. • They were faster and sturdier than wooden clipper ships.

7. The Northern Economy Expands • Many factors led to an expansion of the Northern economy: • Steam power • Machine-Produced goods • Railroad distribution of goods • Northern farmerscouldn’t compete with cheaper grain being shipped from the West by railroad. • Many left their farms to work in the factories, as store clerks or sailors.

8. Section 2: Life in the North Main Idea: Industry in the North changed with the arrival of new immigrants and the efforts of factory workers to improve their working conditions.

9. Factory Conditions Become Worse • Before factories, artisansmade small amounts of quality goods by hand. • Factory owners were more interested in volume; more goods = more money. • Workers labored for 4:30am – 7:30pm in unsafe conditions. • Sometimes entire families worked in one factory.

10. Workers Join Together • Artisans formed trade unionsto fight for better wages and conditions, and shorter workday. • If their demands were not listened to, worker would stop working (strike) • Women workers in New England textilemills organized as well • Sarah Bagley formed the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association.

11. A New Wave of Immigrants • Many people immigrated to America in the early 1840’s due to famines in Ireland and revolutions in Germany. • Some native-born Americans feared losing jobs to immigrants (Nativists). • Immigrants were blamed for increase in crime • Know-Nothing Party – An anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic political party who met in secret. • When asked, members said, “I know nothing.”

12. African Americans in the North • There was discrimination against free African Americans in the North. • Some African Americans were successful. • William Whipper – Lumberyard owner • Henry Boyd – Owned a furniture business • Henry Blair – invented a corn planting machine • Macon Allen – first African American lawyer • John Russwurn – editor of the first African American newspaper,Freedom's Journal

13. Section 3: Cotton Kingdom in the South Main Idea Cotton was the leading crop in the agricultural economy of the South

14. Cotton Gin, Cotton Boom • Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin made processing raw cotton faster. • Cotton profits grew. • 6,000 to 2 million bales a year. • Cotton farming expanded to the West, as did slavery. • More slaves were needed to pick more cotton on bigger farms.

15. Cotton was not the only cash crop of the South. Rice Tobacco Sugar Cane Livestock Industry was limited to meeting the needs of the community, not for export. Due to the lack of local industry, the South became dependent on the North for: Furniture Farm Equipment Machines An Agricultural Economy / Economically Dependent

16. Section 4: Life in the South Main Idea: Most white southerners were not plantation owners; however, the plantation system and slavery were the center of southern life.

17. The “Cottonocracy” • Wealthy planters with 20 or more slaves • Only 3% of Southerners • Only 1% had more than 50 slaves. • Most southern whites were not part of the “Cottonocracy.” • Small Farmers – 75% of the population • Worked in the fields along side the slaves.

18. Free African Americans: Most lived in the northern part of the South (Maryland, Delaware) where slavery was declining. Slave owners made life very hard for free African Americans. Enslaved African Americans: 1/3 of the Southern population by 1860 Most lived difficult lives and were mistreated and abused. Slave Codeswere laws that restricted the lives of slaves including learning to read, meet in groups, own guns or leave owner’s land w/o permission. African Americans in the South

19. Family Life and Religion • Families of slaves were often separated and sold, so it was important to keep those who could be together. • Extended familiesthat were able to stay together were a source of strength, pride, and love. • Religion helped slaves cope with the conditions. • Most slaves were devout Christians and would sing hymns and spirituals while working the fields.

20. Resistance Against Slavery • Some slaves escaped to the North, others would resist by breaking tools, destroying crops, and stealing food. • Denmark Veseywas betrayed and executed before he could stage a revolt (1822). • Nat Turner and his followers killed 57 whites over two months before being caught and hung (1831).