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The Industrialization of the United States. The Industrialization of the United States. 1860’s – 1910’s. SSUSH11 Examine connections between the rise of big business, the growth of labor unions , and technological innovations.
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The Industrialization of the United States 1860’s – 1910’s
SSUSH11 Examine connections between the rise of big business, the growth of labor unions, and technological innovations. • a. Explain the effects of railroads on other industries, including steel and oil. • b. Examine the significance of John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie in the rise of trusts and monopolies. • c. Examine the influence of key inventions on U.S. infrastructure including but not limited to the telegraph, telephone, and electric light bulb. • d. Describe Ellis and Angel Islands, the change in immigrants’ origins and their influence on the economy, politics, and culture of the United States. • e. Discuss the origins, growth, influence, and tactics of labor unions including the American Federation of Labor • SSUSH12 Evaluate how westward expansion impacted the Plains Indians and fulfilled Manifest Destiny. • a. Examine the construction of the transcontinental railroad including the use of immigrant labor. • b. Evaluate how the growth of the western population and innovations in farming and ranching impacted Plains Indians. • c. Explain the Plains Indians’ resistance to western expansion of the United States and the consequences of their resistance.
The South Builds Railways • After the Civil War, the South began building more railroads to rival those of the North. • South now relied on its own manufacturing centers. • New railway “hub” cities developed; including Dallas, TX and Atlanta, GA.
Mining Towns • During and after the Civil War, westward migration continued. • Thousands flocked West in hopes of finding gold or silver. • Around these deposits of minerals, “mining towns” developed.
Home on the Range • Cattle ranching fueled westward migration as well. • Open prairies of the West were perfect for grazing. • Newly-invented barbed wire made ranching more efficient. • As a result, the beef industry exploded.
Farmers Move West • Farmers migrated West in pursuit of new, fertile, cheap lands. • The Homestead Act of 1862 promised plots of land to anyone willing to move and settle in these Western lands. • Prairie states became a new agricultural center of the US
Question: How was Western Growth Possible? • How did the West grow so rapidly? • How did the mining industry expand? • How did the beef industry develop? • How did the prairie states become the new agricultural center?
Answer: The Transcontinental Railroad • To link eastern markets to western territories, the government proposed a transcontinental railroad. • The government provided loans and land grants to private companies to build the railroad.
Two Companies Compete • In 1863, two different companies began construction of the Transcontinental RR. • The Central Pacific Company began laying track eastward from California. • The Union Pacific Company laid track westward from Nebraska.
Immigrants Build Railroads • Irish immigrants in the east and Chinese immigrants in the west were used to build the railroad. • Thousands of these immigrants died due to dangerous working conditions.
Two Tracks Meet • In 1869, the two tracks finally connected at Promontory Summit in Utah. • A symbolic golden spike was the final one driven in to mark the completion of the transcontinental railroad.
Westward Expansion and Native Americans • In the 1860s, the US government began forcing Native Americans onto reservations. • Tribes were also forced to assimilate to white culture. • Settlers had also pushed the buffalo (a sacred animal in Native traditions) to the brink of extinction. • Faced with no other options, Native Americans had no choice but to fight back.
Westward Expansion and Native Americans • In 1875, gold was discovered in the hills of South Dakota. • Miners began settling on Lakota Sioux tribal lands in search of gold. • Sioux leader, Sitting Bull, assembled his own army of Natives to drive the settlers out.
Battle of Little Bighorn • In June 1876, the US sent General George Custer to force the rebelling Sioux nation back to the reservation. • Custer’s 700 men were slaughtered by numerous Sioux Indians at the Battle of Little Bighorn. • The US Army retaliated, crushing the Sioux, and forcing Sitting Bull to flee to Canada.
Ghost Dance Brings Hope • In response to the loss of their native lands, many Natives welcomed a religious revival based on the Ghost Dance. • The Prophet Wovoka promised an end to the white man’s advancement and a restoration of the buffalo population. • The Ghost Dance spread like wildfire throughout the West. • Believers wore specially made shirts that they believed to be bullet-proof.
“My brothers, I bring you word from your fathers, the ghosts, that they are marching now to join you, led by the Messiah who came once to live on earth with the white man but was killed by them... I bring to you the promise of a day in which there will be no white man to lay his hand on the bridle of the Indians' horse; when the red men of the prairie will rule the world.” -Wovoka
Federal Agents Fear the Ghost Dance Pine Ridge Agency November 12th, 1890 “We need protection and we need it now. Indians are dancing in the snow and are wild and crazy... The leaders should be arrested and confined at some military post until the matter is quieted, and this should be done at once.” - Daniel F. Royer
The Death of Sitting Bull • Hearing a rumor that Sitting Bull was planning to join the Ghost Dance movement, the US government ordered his arrest. • On December 15th, 1890, Sitting Bull’s home was stormed by Lakota policemen. • In a skirmish between Natives and the police, shots were fired. • Sitting Bull was subsequently shot in the head by a Lakota policeman.
Wounded Knee Massacre • As Natives fled after Sitting Bull’s murder, troops were sent out to capture them. • On the forced journey back to the reservation, the band of Natives made camp at Wounded Knee Creek. • All Native weapons were confiscated by federal troops • Still the Natives believed their special shirts would protect them. • During the confiscation, shots were fired. • To retaliate, the federal troops opened fire killing almost 300 unarmed men, women and children. • The Wounded Knee Massacre effectively ended the Native attempts to push back the white settlers.
“I walked around viewing the sad spectacle. On reaching the corner of the green where the schoolboys had been so happy in their sports but a short time before, there was spread before me the saddest picture I had seen or was to see thereafter, for on that spot of their playful choice were scattered the prostrate bodies of all those fine little Indian boys, cold in death... The gun-fire had blazed across their playground in a way that permitted no escape. They must have fallen like grass before the sickle.” - Charles Allen
Steel Industry Transforms • 1850s – Bessemer process shortens time it takes to transform iron into steel. • Andrew Carnegie (right) brings Bessemer process to the US; makes millions off steel production.
Urbanization Changes America • Cheap, efficient steel leads to the construction of skyscrapers, elevators and bridges throughout the country. • Railroads and canals allow quick, easy transport of steel. • America experiences rapid urbanization– the process of people moving from rural areas to cities
Cities Offer Opportunity • With help from new railroad lines, cities become magnets for rural Americans. • Factories offer work for skilled laborers, job opportunities for women and education for children. • Seizing on these new opportunities, new waves of immigrants began arriving on America’s shores.
Immigrants Flock to America • Beginning in the mid-1800’s, the origins of immigrants change from Western Europe to Southern and Eastern Europe. • Hundreds of Italian, Polish and Russian immigrants arrived daily. • Many immigrants were forced to live in tenements– low-cost, urban family housing developments that squeezed in as many families as possible.
The Immigrant Experience • Ellis Island – Port in New York Harbor that processed immigrants coming from Europe. • Angel Island – Port in San Francisco Bay that processed immigrants coming from Asia.
Resistance Towards Immigration • Nativism – a belief that native-born white Americans were superior to newcomers. • Similar to the fate of Native Americans, many immigrants were forced to assimilate to American culture.
