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Morphology: Cross-linguistic variation

Morphology: Cross-linguistic variation. Linguistics 200 Spring 2003. More word formation types. How are new words created? What is the structure of existing words? More types of morphology Infixation Reduplication Portmanteau morphemes Ablaut Position class morphology

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Morphology: Cross-linguistic variation

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  1. Morphology: Cross-linguistic variation Linguistics 200 Spring 2003

  2. More word formation types • How are new words created? What is the structure of existing words? • More types of morphology • Infixation • Reduplication • Portmanteau morphemes • Ablaut • Position class morphology • Simultaneous morphology

  3. Infixation Ulwa possessive forms

  4. Ulwa Infixation

  5. Infixation: placement of the infix  marks primary stress; -ka- ‘his/her’

  6. Infixation: placement of the infix • In Ulwa, possessive affixes follow the stressed syllable (infixation as a special case of suffixation)

  7. Reduplication RED (reduplicant): • a morpheme which copies the phonological segments of the root it is attached to • partial reduplication (affixational) vs. total reduplication (compounding)

  8. Total reduplication • Sahaptin inanimate plurals • [p’u] ‘teardrop’ • [p’úp’u] ‘teardrops’ • English: ‘real, true’ • red red (vs. blue red) • home home • India Indian

  9. Partial reduplication: suffixing Chukchee (Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Russia) -RED = absolutive singular (of noun)

  10. Partial reduplication: prefixing Klamath (Penutian, Oregon) RED- = plural subjects of verbs

  11. Partial reduplication: Prefixing Yoruba (Niger-Congo, Nigeria) RED- nouns derived from verbs Prespecification: part of RED is phonologically fixed; part of RED copies the root [V] = high tone vowel, [V] = low tone vowel, [V] = mid tone vowel

  12. Reduplication summary • Total reduplication  compounding • Partial reduplication  affixation • prefixing reduplication • suffixing reduplication • infixing reduplication

  13. Portmanteau morphemes • Single phonological representation corresponds to two meanings.  • Verb paradigms in Sekani (Athabaskan): • (‘paradigm’ = set of related items) perfective  past; imperfective  present; optative  subjunctive)

  14. Portmanteau morphemes [] = voiced velar fricative i- 1s.perfective; s- 1s

  15. Witsuwit’en • (Athabaskan, British Columbia)

  16. Witsuwit’en morphology • Morphological processes • affixation • compounding • ablaut

  17. Witsuwit’en morphology • Affixable lexical categories • nouns • verbs • postpositions • directional adverbs • adjectives

  18. Ablaut = Root-internal vowel substitution English present past past participle sing sang have sung ring rang have rung

  19. Ablaut in Witsuwit’en verb root impf/opt perfective future -/qes/ ‘scratch hard’ –[qes] –[qez] –[q«s] -/q«z/ ‘do with arms’ –[qis] –[q«z] –[q«s] Ablaut pattern: /i/ replaces /«/ in the imperfective/optative /«/ replaces /e/ in the future

  20. Affixation to nouns A possessive paradigm:

  21. Morphological analysis

  22. Prepositions and postpositions Prepositions: preposition - nouncount for me  verb preposition noun Postpositions: noun – postposition. Witsuwit’en: [s- pe c’ot«w]me for you (sg.) count noun postposition verb ‘count for me’

  23. Affixation to postpositions

  24. Morphological analysis

  25. Morphological analysis (revised) Prefixes to nouns/postpositions:

  26. Nouns vs. postpositions 1. y- 3sg. object of postposition vs. p- 3sg. possessor • -le ‘hand’(noun) vs. -le ‘hand to’(postposition) • ple yunqhat ‘he slapped his hand’ he slapped it • yle yinay ‘he handed it to him’ he handed it

  27. Nouns vs. postpositions 2. t- reflexive (‘-self’) • -Â ‘with’ (postposition) vs. -Âtsen ‘brother’ (noun) • tÂ neyecltc ‘I’m talking to myself’ • tÂ neyeltc ‘she’s talking to herself’ • sÂtsen pq’Esy’ ‘I love my brother’ • tÂtsen yq’Entsy’ ‘she loves her brother’ • t- 3 person reflexive with nouns; t- reflexive with postpositions

  28. Affixation to verbs • Unusual features • Position class morphology: (prefix order restrictions) prefix- prefix- ...-verb root-suffix (position 1) (position 2) etc. • Discontinuous morphemes

  29. Some verbs (dictionary entry) • -yin 'sg./du. stand' • -tseq ‘be lightweight’ • -/as ‘du./group goes, walks’ • O-u-yin ‘pick O (berries) while stationary’ • d-d-/as ‘du. pick berries (while walking around)’ O = object

  30. Some verbs (actual words) • Minimal verb word: dictionary form of verb+‘tense’ • [sa n«/a] ‘the sun/moon is going’ • sa ‘sun, moon’ • -a 'sun, moon goes' • n«- continuative (‘round-trip’) • [sa ia] ‘the sun/moon is moving' • i-...- progressive

  31. Position class morphology Verb prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject – qualifier – tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense [sa ia] ‘the sun/moon is moving' i- tense + -a root + -  tense

  32. Some more verb words 1. [tci uyin] 'he/she is picking huckleberries' [tci] ‘huckleberries’ O-u-yin 'pick O (berries) while stationary‘ O- u - yin (object required) qualifier –root - imperfective (tense position)   Ø / u ___ Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject – qualifier –tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense

  33. 2. [c'oyin] 'he/she is picking' c'- unspecified object (pronominal object/subject position) (c’ + u  c’o) Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject –qualifier –tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense

  34. 3. [c'onyin] 'he/she is picking (round things)' n- round object (optional) (qualifier position) Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject –qualifier –tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense

  35. 4. [wec'onsyin’] 'he/she isn't picking (round things)' we- negative (negative position) s- non-perfective negative (tense position) - (negative position) n + / n’ Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject –qualifier –tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative- tense

  36. 5. [wec'onzsyin’] 'I'm not picking (round things)' s- 1sg. subject (subject position) /s/  [z] / ___ V Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject –qualifier –tense/neg –subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense

  37. 6. [wec'onthzisyit] 'I won't pick (round things)‘ th- future (qualifier position) i- (tense position) - (tense position) // + / t /n/  Ø / ___ C]syllable Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject –qualifier –tense/neg –subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense

  38. Morphological structure 'I'm not going to pick (round) things' negative round 1 sg. subject [we- c’- o- n- th- [] z- i- s- yi -t -] unspecified object future ‘pick (berries) while stationary’

  39. Witsuwit’en summary • Lexical categories: nouns vs. postpositions • Ablaut • Affixation • with nouns, postpositions: relatively simple (one or two bound morphemes per word) • with verbs: multiple prefixes possible, prefixes strictly ordered (position classes), discontinuous morphemes

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