Muscular System

1. Muscular System MuscularSystem

2. Structure and Functions • Ligaments link two or more bones • Tendons attach muscle to bone • Fascia made of white fibrous connective tissue • Muscles specialised elastic connective tissue • Motor nerves stimulate action • Muscles work in pairs • Antagonist – relaxing • Agonist – contracting • What proportion of the body is muscle? • Women - 23%Men - 40%

3. Muscle Functions 2 1 • Movement • Isometric – tension without movement • Isotonic – contraction, with movement • Stabilise joints • Maintain posture • Temperature control

4. Muscle Tissue • Elongated cells that expand and contract • Facilitate movement, maintains posture • Generates heat

5. Voluntary or striped (striated) All skeletal muscles - arms, legs Conscious control Bundles of fibres all run in same direction Involuntary or smooth Not consciously controlled Blood and lymph vessels, ducts of glands, alimentary canal, respiratory, urinary, biliary tracts, eye and uterus Cardiac – Heart Muscle Only found in the heart Responsible for pumping heart

6. Muscle action Muscle movement is dependant on • Energy available • Strength of nerve impulse • Contracting time • Adequate blood supply: nutrients, oxygen • Strength of inhibitory nerve • Temperature of muscle • Amount of waste, lactic acid • Nutrients in the blood give the energy to the muscle • Lactic acid is the waste product excreted into veins

7. Abduction Move away from midline Action What and how the muscle moves Adduction Move towards midline Attachment Attachment by fibres, tendons, ligaments to each other or bones Belly Thickest or middle part of muscle Dorsiflexion Flexing/bending foot up Eversion Foot turning outward • Insertion • Moving end of muscle

8. Flexion • Bend or flex inwards • Extension • Bend or extend outwards

9. Inversion Foot turning inward or centre Muscle Fatigue Muscle continues to contract without rest, lactic acid build up Muscle Tension Over stimulation of muscle fibre Origin Fixed end of muscle Plantarflexion Flexing/bending foot downwards Pronation Turn a limb face downwards Relaxation Lessening of tension in fibres Rotation Rotate head and neck Supination Turn a limb to face upwards Tone Slight degree of contraction in some fibres whilst others relax

10. Splenius Capitus - neck • Extends and rotates head • Levator Scapulae - neck • Rotates elevates scapula • Bends head laterally • Sternocleidomastoid - neck • Flexes head • Turns head from side to side • SupraspinatisS • Abducts arm • Stabilises humerus in socket • Infraspinatus I • Lateral rotator • Stabilises humerus in socket • 6. Teres Minor T • Lateral rotation humerus • Stabilises humerus in socket • 7. Teres Major T • Adducts, medial rotation humerus • Extends shoulder joint

11. Deltoid Draws arm forward Abducts arm Draws arm backwards Trapezius Laterally rotates scapula Raises shoulder Erector Spinae Extends vertebral column Rhomboids Adducts scapula

12. Latissimus Dorsi • Draws arm backwards • Rotates arm medially • Adducts arm • Serratus Anterior • Draws shoulder forward • Rotates scapula • Subscapularis • Medial rotation

13. Gluteus Minimus Gluteus Medius • Abducts, rotates medially 16. Gluteus Maximus • Extends hip • Raises trunk • Lateral rotation of femur 17. Piriformis • Lateral rotation of hip • Abduction of hip 18. Quadratus Lumborum • Lateral flexion of vertebral column • Extension of lumbar vertebral column

14. Pectoralis Minor & Major Draws arm forward, medial Adducts and rotates inward Rectus Abdominus & Abdominus Transversalis Supports viscera Flexes vertebral column Internal & External Oblique Rotates waist Flexes vertebral column Psoas & Iliacus Rotates femur laterally Flexes Hip Trunk Muscles

15. Leg Muscles (posterior) • Biceps Femoris • Semitendinosus • Semimembranosus • Flexes knee • Extends hip

16. Lower Leg muscles (posterior) • Gastrocnemius • Soleus • Plantar flexes ankle • Achilles tendon - Flexes foot • Peroneus Longus & Brevis • Everts, plantarflexes foot • Flexor Digitorum Longus • Flexes toes • Flexor Hallucis Longus • Flexes big toe and foot • Peroneus Tertius • Everts and dorsiflexes foot

17. Leg Muscles (anterior) • Rectus Femoris • Extends knee • Flexes hip • Vastus Lateralis • Vastus Intermedius • Vastus Medialis • Extends knee • Sartorius • Flexes hip & knee • Rotates femur laterally

18. Leg Muscles (anterior) • Adductor Longus • Adductor Magnus • Adductor Brevis • Adducts femur • Gracilis • Adducts, • Rotates medially • Rotates laterally • Flexes hip • Flexes knee

19. Lower Leg muscles (Anterior) • Anterior Tibialis • Dorsiflexes and inverts foot • Extensor Digitorum Longus • Extends toes • Extensor Hallucis Longus • Extends big toe and foot

20. Anterior Arm Muscles • Coracobrachialis • Flexes • Adducts humerus • Biceps Brachii • Brachialis • Brachioradialis • Flexes elbow joint • Pronator Teres • Pronates Forearm • Flexor Carpi Radialis • Flexes wrist joint • Flexor Carpi Ulnaris • Flexes wrist • Adducts ulna • Flexor Carpi Digitorum • Flexes fingers

21. Posterior Arm Muscles • Triceps • Extends elbow • Extensor Carpi Ulnaris • Extensor Carpi Radialis • Extends wrist • Supinator Radii Brevis • Supinates forearm • Extensor Carpi Digitorum • Extends fingers • Thenar Prominence • Rotates, flexes and extends thumb • Hypothenar Prominence • Abducts, flexes & extends little finger

22. Arm & Hand Muscles • Extensor Pollicis Longus • Extensor Pollicis Brevis Extends the thumb • Abductor Pollicis Brevis • Abducts the thumb • Flexor Digitorum Superficialis • flexes fingers

23. Arm and Hand Muscles • Palmar Aponeurosis • sheet of tissue • under skin of palm • helps to form ridges in palm • Extensor Digitorum • Divide into 4 tendons after passing under extensor retinaculum • Flexor Digitorum Profundus • flex fingers

24. Occipitalis Moves scalp backwards Frontalis Move scalp forwards Wrinkles skin Lifts eyebrows Look of surprise, horror Temporalis– temple Raises and retracts lower jaw Corrugator Wrinkles forehead Nasalis Flairs nostrils Procerus Nasi Wrinkles bridge of nose Head and Face Muscles

25. Orbicularis Oculi Closes eyelids Buccinator Compresses cheek against teeth - blowing Zygomaticus Moves mouth up, back and out Masseter – side of jaw Raises lower jaw, mastication Pterygoids Medial & Lateral Pushes mandible out Opens mouth Head and Face Muscles

26. Levator Labii Superioris Lifts upper lip Levator Anguli Oris Raises corner of mouth Orbicularis Oris Purses lips Depressor Labii Inferioris Pulls lower lip straight down Depressor Anguli Oris Pulls down corners of mouth Mentalis Lifts chin skin Turns lower lip outwards Platysma Depresses and wrinkles skin lower face Head and Face Muscles

27. Disorders • Achilles Tendonitis • inflammation of the tendon • overuse associated with • change in • playing surface, • footwear • intensity of an activity. • Adhesive Capsulitis • Known as frozen shoulder • Chronic condition • Painful movement • caused by injury, • stroke, incorrect lifting, • sudden movement

28. Diseases & Disorders • Atony • Lack of normal muscle tone • Atrophy • Muscle wasting, lack of bulk • Back Ache • Lumbago / Rheumatism • 3 / 4 people have bouts of low back pain

29. Disorders • Bursitis • Bag of lubricating fluid which cushions muscles tendons or bones of joints. • Inflammation - bursitis • Cramp • Painful localised, involuntary muscle contraction • sustained contraction • Fibromyalgia persistent pain, tenderness in many areas of the body as well as tiredness • Housemaids Knee • Pre-patellar bursitis • inflammation of bursa

30. Muscle Disorders • Lateral Epicondylitis ( tennis elbow) • common overuse syndrome • excessive wrist extension • Outer part of elbow becomes painful and tender • Medial Epicondylitis (golfers elbow) • Medial, inner part of elbow becomes painful and tender

31. Microtrauma • Micro tearing of muscle fibres sheath around the muscle or connective tissue during normal training or exercise Muscular Dystrophy • a group of genetic, hereditary muscle diseases that weaken the muscles • Myositis • Inflammation of the muscle

32. Disorders • Rupture • Burst or tear in muscle sheath • Shin Splints • general term used to refer to a painful condition in shins • Often caused by running, jumping or sprinting • Spasm • Sustained contraction in response to pain

33. Spasticity • Inhibitory nerves have been cut • Spinal reflexes cause sustained contraction • Sprain • Sudden twist or wrench of joint ligaments • Strain • Injury to muscle, tendon, sheath • Stress • Tension causes muscle pain

34. Muscle Disorders Tetanus also called ‘Lockjaw’ is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. Tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the Gram-positive, obligate anaerobic bacteriumClostridium tetani. Infection generally occurs through wound contamination and often involves a cut or deep puncture wound.