THE POWER SHIFT

1. THE POWER SHIFT Jefferson / Madison Presidencies and the WAR OF 1812

2. ELECTION of 1800 • Jefferson WINS (Aaron Burr becomes VP) • Adams bitter in defeat • TJ Ironic Presidency (1801-1809) • Wrote Dec. of Indep. Proclaiming freedom for all men, BUT owned slaves himself

3. ELECTION of 1800 • Jefferson is elected President • Shift in country to Dem.-Rep. thinking • Shift in power in Executive & Legislative • Decentralized power, Reduce Army, Halt Navy, Roll back Hamilton’s Economic plan (Bank)

4. MARBURY v. MADISON 1803

5. 1800 - USA • John Adams (Federalist) is President • Federalists dominate the new government • Until…

6. Federalist Judges Remain • Appointed for life • Adams bitter in defeat • Judiciary Act 1801 • To spite Jefferson and avenge Federalists, Adams appoints 40 new Fed. Judges in the last hours of his Presidency > “Midnight Judges”

7. Adams Cartoon

8. To be official, commission must be hand delivered to the new judge • Most are delivered before Adams’ term expires, some aren’t • Jefferson orders his new Sec. of State James Madison to NOT deliver the remaining commissions

9. William Marbury • One of the Undelivered “Midnight Judges” • Sued the Gov’t (Madison) – wanted the US Supreme Court to force Madison to deliver his commission • (Judiciary Act of 1789, passed by Congress, said this could happen (gave court the power to force appointments)

10. USSC Chief Justice John Marshall • Agreed that Marbury should have been delivered, BUT… • He wasn’t • Marshall ruled that Article III of the Constitution (Judicial Branch) did not give the court the power to force an appointment

11. So What??? • This meant that the court interpreted the law Congress passed (Jud. Act 1798) as UNCONSTITUTIONAL

12. Thus… • In all cases, the Constitution takes precedence when a conflict exists between the Constitution and a law passed by Congress (Supremacy Clause)

13. This established the principle of… JUDICIAL REVIEW – USSC determines if laws passed are Unconstitutional

14. Also established the USSC as the final voice on what the Constitution means • Judicial Branch is an equal partner in Gov’t

15. LA Purchase (1803) -Bought from France (Napoleon) for $15 million -Dilemma for Jefferson!!!!! -TJ is a Strict Constructionist… -Is the purchase legal??? -TJ advocates States’ Rights BUT… -Purchase increases the power of FEDERAL Gov’t

16. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

17. Haitian Revolution1791-1804

18. LOUISIANA PURCHASE - 1803

19. Why LA Purchase so Important??? • Doubles size of USA – BIG country • Gets France out of N. America for good • Land and Resources for USA • Increases Role of Federal Gov’t – administer the new land & states

20. LA Purchase negative consequences??? • No regard for Native American land claims • Conflict over Slavery expanding in USA • Leads to Sectional Crisis and Civil War

21. Lewis and Clark • Sent by Jefferson to explore LA Purchase Territory

22. St. Louis to Ft. Clatsop

23. NAPOLEONIC WARS IN EUROPEEngland vs. France

24. Britain and France both don’t want the USA to trade with the other • USA caught in the middle – wants to be Neutral & trade with both • Britain steps up practice of…

25. IMPRESSMENT OF AMERICAN SAILORS -Kidnapping and forcing US sailors into British Navy service • Angers America Something Fierce!!!

26. Jefferson Responds with theEMBARGO ACT - 1807 • Stops most exports (trade) to ALL foreign ports • Cuts USA off from the world • Horrible move • Wrecks American Economy

27. Sally Hemings Affair • TJ allledgedly fathered 6 children with this slave over 38 year relationship. • TJ never spoke publically on the issue.

28. Jefferson Leaves Presidency • Hates it so much he leaves it off his Gravestone!!!! • Election of 1808 – • JAMES MADISON becomes 4th President • DEM.-REP. Party • “Father of Constitution”

30. WAR OF 1812“The Second War for Independence”

31. THOMAS JEFFERSONPresident 1801-1809

32. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

33. NAPOLEONIC WARS IN EUROPEEngland vs. France

34. Britain and France both don’t want the USA to trade with the other • USA caught in the middle – wants to be Neutral & trade with both • Britain steps up practice of…

35. IMPRESSMENT OF AMERICAN SAILORS -Kidnapping and forcing US sailors into British Navy service • Angers America Something Fierce!!!

36. Jefferson Responds with theEMBARGO ACT - 1807 • Stops most exports (trade) to ALL foreign ports • Cuts USA off from the world • Horrible move • Wrecks American Economy

37. JAMES MADISONRepublican President 1809-1817

38. Replaces Embargo Act with… • Non-Intercourse Act– prohibits trade with only Britain and France (belligerent nations) • Does nothing to help US economy • Citizens calling for war with Britain

39. AMERICAN “INDIAN” POLICY DEVELOPING • BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE – November 7, 1811 • Tecumseh’s Shawnee Tribe Defeated

40. GENERAL WILLIAM TECUMSEHHENRY HARRISON

41. Causes of War of 1812 • “2nd War of Independence” • Demand for Neutral Rights – No Impressment • Frontier Native Attacks Blamed on British Meddling • USA desires new lands in British Canada & Spanish Florida

42. USA Conditions - totally unprepared tofight a war • Only 20 ships in the Navy • No Standing Army • Weak Economy after Embargo • Republicans not been taxing much

43. WAR OF 18121812-1814 • British 3 pronged invasion attack • Though USA fighting poorly, again Brits can’t quite nail the coffin shut • USA able to hold off the British just enough

44. BATTLES WITH NATIVE AMERICANS DURING WAR OF 1812 • FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE IN CHICAGO – August 14, 1812

45. FT. DEARBORN MONUMENT Michigan Ave. Bridge

46. GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON

47. BATTLE OF HORSESHOE BEND(ALABAMA) March 27,1814General Andrew Jackson Defeats Creek Indians

48. WASHINGTON D.C. BURNED BY BRITISH – August 24,1814

50. FRANCIS SCOTT KEY WRITES“The Star Spangled Banner”September 13, 1814 • British Siege Fort in Baltimore – Bomb Heavily • Fort resists attack • Next morning “our flag was still there”